Cambodia/Kampuchea/Kambuja (802-present)

A Cambodia/Kampuchea/Kambuja (802-present) is a Southeast Asian Indochinese state located between 10° N and 15° N latitude.

• Context:
  • It can (typically) have a Cambodian Population (with languages including Khmer, Cham, Vietnamese, and various ethnic languages).
  • It can (typically) be influenced by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap system.
  • It can (often) maintain Traditional Khmer Architecture in its temples, monasteries, and other historic structures.
  • It can (often) showcase Khmer Buddhist Culture through its institutions and traditions.
  • It can (often) include Cambodian Regions such as Central Plains, Tonle Sap Region, and Coastal Cambodia.
  • It can (often) experience Development Challenges including poverty, corruption, and political freedom.
  • ...
  • It can serve as a Constitutional Monarchy with elective system (after 1993).
  • It can feature Economic Development including garment industry, tourism, and agriculture (after 1998).
  • It can function as a Regional Partner with ASEAN membership, international trade, and development aid (after 1999).
  • It can maintain one-party governance under Cambodian People's Party (after 2018).
  • ...
• Example(s):
  • Kambuja (802), Jayavarman II establishes Khmer Empire.
  • Angkor (1150), peak of Khmer Empire under Suryavarman II.
  • Cambodia (1431), fall of Angkor to Ayutthaya Kingdom.
  • Cambodia (1863), becoming French protectorate.
  • Cambodia (1953), gaining independence under Norodom Sihanouk.
  • Cambodia (1970), establishment of Khmer Republic.
  • Cambodia (1975-1979), period of Khmer Rouge and Cambodian Genocide.
  • Cambodia (1979), Vietnamese intervention ends Khmer Rouge rule.
  • Cambodia (1991), signing of Paris Peace Accords.
  • Cambodia (1993), restoration of monarchy under UN supervision.
  • Cambodia (1997), coup d'état consolidates Hun Sen's power.
  • ...
• Counter-Example(s):
  • Thailand, neighboring state with different political stability.
  • Vietnam, communist state with different governance system.
  • Laos, landlocked state with different economic challenges.
  • Myanmar, mainland state with different ethnic dynamics.
  • Malaysia, maritime state with different development path.
• See: Angkor Wat, Nokor Reach, Phnom Penh, Khmer People, Cambodian Buddhism, ASEAN, Mekong Development.

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References

2022

• (Wikipedia, 2022) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia Retrieved:2022-1-9.
  • Cambodia (Kampuchea), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is in area, bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, Vietnam to the east, the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest, and maritime borders with Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. Phnom Penh is the nation's capital and largest city.

    The sovereign state of Cambodia has a population of over 15 million. Buddhism is enshrined in the constitution as the official state religion, and is practised by more than 97% of the population. Cambodia's minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams and 30 hill tribes. The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh, the political, economic and cultural centre of Cambodia. The kingdom is an elective constitutional monarchy with a monarch, currently Norodom Sihamoni, chosen by the Royal Council of the Throne as head of state. The head of government is the Prime Minister, currently Hun Sen, the longest serving non-royal leader in Southeast Asia, who has ruled since 1985. The region now known as Cambodia has been inhabited since prehistoric times. In 802 AD, Jayavarman II declared himself king, uniting the warring Khmer princes of Chenla under the name "Kambuja". This marked the beginning of the Khmer Empire, which flourished for over 600 years. The Indianised kingdom facilitated the spread of first Hinduism and then Buddhism to much of Southeast Asia and undertook many religious infrastructural projects throughout the region. Angkor Wat is the most famous of these structures and is designated as a World Heritage Site. In the fifteenth century, Cambodia experienced a decline of power, while its neighbors Vietnam and Thailand grew stronger. In 1863, Cambodia became a protectorate of France, and later was incorporated into French Indochina. The country was under Japanese occupation during the Second World War before French control was restored. Cambodia gained independence from France in 1953 and was led by King-turned politician Norodom Sihanouk. Despite Cambodia's neutrality in the Vietnam War, the war extended into the country in 1965 with North Vietnam's expansion of the Ho Chi Minh Trail and establishment of the Sihanouk Trail. This led to the US bombing of Cambodia from 1969 until 1973. Following the 1970 coup which installed the right-wing pro-US Khmer Republic, the deposed King Sihanouk gave his support to his former enemies, the Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot. With the support of the monarchy and North Vietnam, the Khmer Rouge emerged as a major power, taking Phnom Penh in 1975. The Khmer Rouge ruled the country and carried out the Cambodian genocide from 1975 until 1979, when they were ousted in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. The Vietnamese-occupied People's Republic of Kampuchea became the de facto government, with attempts to rebuild the country after the genocide mired by limited international recognition and ongoing conflict. Following the 1991 Paris Peace Accords which formally ended the war with Vietnam, Cambodia was governed briefly by a United Nations mission (1992–93). The UN withdrew after holding elections in which around 90 percent of the registered voters cast ballots. The 1997 coup d'état consolidated power under Prime Minister Hun Sen and the Cambodian People's Party, who remain in power. Cambodia is a member of the United Nations since 1955, ASEAN, the RCEP, the East Asia Summit, the WTO, the Non-Aligned Movement and La Francophonie. According to several foreign organisations, the country has widespread poverty, pervasive corruption, lack of political freedoms, low human development and a high rate of hunger. Cambodia has been described by Human Rights Watch's Southeast Asian Director, David Roberts, as a "relatively authoritarian coalition via a superficial democracy". Constitutionally a multi-party liberal democracy, the country is de facto governed under one-party rule as of 2018. While per capita income remains low compared to most neighboring countries, Cambodia has one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia, with growth averaging 7.6 percent over the last decade. Agriculture remains the dominant economic sector, with strong growth in textiles, construction, garments, and tourism leading to increased foreign investment and international trade. The United Nations designates Cambodia as a least developed country. The US World Justice Project's 2015 Rule of Law Index ranked Cambodia 125th out of 126 countries, far lower compared to other countries in the region.

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