Betacorona Virus

A Betacorona Virus is a coronavirus (enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus) that ...

• Context:
  • It can range from being a Human Betacoronavirus to being a Bat Betacoronavirus to being a Pangolin Betacoronavirus.
  • …
• Example(s):
  • SARS-CoV.
  • SARS-CoV-2.
• See: MERS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus, Embecovirus, Betacoronavirus 1, Bovine Coronavirus, China Rattus Coronavirus HKU24, Human Coronavirus HKU1, Murine Coronavirus, Mouse Hepatitis Virus, Sarbecovirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus.

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References

2020

• (Wikipedia, 2020) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacoronavirus Retrieved:2020-3-1.
  • Betacoronaviruses (β-CoVs or Beta-CoVs) are one of four genera of coronaviruses of the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae, of the order Nidovirales. They are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses of zoonotic origin. The coronavirus genera are each composed of varying viral lineages with the betacoronavirus genus containing four such lineages. In older literature, this genus is also known as group 2 coronaviruses.

    The Beta-CoVs of the greatest clinical importance concerning humans are OC43 and HKU1 of the A lineage, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 of the B lineage, and MERS-CoV of the C lineage. MERS-CoV is the first betacoronavirus belonging to lineage C that is known to infect humans. The Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus genera descend from the bat gene pool.

2015

• (ChanW et al., 2015) ⇒ Jasper F. ChanW, Susanna KP Lau, Kelvin KW To, Vincent CC Cheng, Patrick CY Woo, and Kwok-Yung Yuen. (2015). “Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Another Zoonotic Betacoronavirus Causing SARS-like Disease.” Clinical microbiology reviews 28, no. 2
  • ABSTRACT: The source of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic was traced to wildlife market civets and ultimately to bats. Subsequent hunting for novel coronaviruses (CoVs) led to the discovery of two additional human and over 40 animal CoVs, including the prototype lineage C betacoronaviruses, Tylonycteris bat CoV HKU4 and Pipistrellus bat CoV HKU5; these are phylogenetically closely related to the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) CoV, which has affected more than 1,000 patients with over 35% fatality since its emergence in 2012. All primary cases of MERS are epidemiologically linked to the Middle East. Some of these patients had contacted camels which shed virus and/or had positive serology. Most secondary cases are related to health care-associated clusters. The disease is especially severe in elderly men with comorbidities. Clinical severity may be related to MERS-CoV's ability to infect a broad range of cells with DPP4 expression, evade the host innate immune response, and induce cytokine dysregulation. Reverse transcription-PCR on respiratory and/or extrapulmonary specimens rapidly establishes diagnosis. Supportive treatment with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and dialysis is often required in patients with organ failure. Antivirals with potent in vitro activities include neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, antiviral peptides, interferons, mycophenolic acid, and lopinavir. They should be evaluated in suitable animal models before clinical trials. Developing an effective camel MERS-CoV vaccine and implementing appropriate infection control measures may control the continuing epidemic.

2013

• (Annan et al., 2013) ⇒ Augustina Annan, Heather J. Baldwin, Victor Max Corman, Stefan M. Klose, Michael Owusu, Evans Ewald Nkrumah, Ebenezer Kofi Badu et al. (2013). “Human Betacoronavirus 2c EMC / 2012–related Viruses in Bats, Ghana and Europe.” Emerging infectious diseases 19, no. 3
  • ABSTRACT: We screened fecal specimens of 4,758 bats from Ghana and 272 bats from 4 European countries for betacoronaviruses. Viruses related to the novel human betacoronavirus EMC/2012 were detected in 46 (24.9%) of 185 Nycteris bats and 40 (14.7%) of 272 Pipistrellus bats. Their genetic relatedness indicated EMC/2012 originated from bats.
  • KEYWORDS: Africa, Europe, Ghana, coronavirus, bats, human betacoronavirus, CoV-EMC, viruses

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