Polysemous Relation
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↑ , p.100.
A Polysemous Relation is a Lexical Relation between two Referencers (Polysemes) that refer to Similar but Distinct Referencer Senses.
- AKA: Polysemy, Polyseme.
- Context:
- It can (typically) be applied to Polysemous Words (identical Orthographical and Phonetical forms, and Similar Referents).
- a Polysemous Lexeme.
- It can be, if the Referencers are Word Mentions:
- Example(s):
- Counter-Example(s):
- a Homonymy Relation such as ("(financial)bank”, “(river)bank”) =>True because the Referencer Senses are Dissimilar.
- a Homograpny Relation when identical Written Words (but not the Spoken Words) have different Word Senses: e.g. “content” (the feeling vs items contained are pronounced differently.)
- a Homophony Relation when identical Spoken Words (but not the Written Words) have different Word Senses: e.g. knight, night.
- Monosemy Relation,
- Polylexic Relation.
- See: Word Sense, Synonymy, Hyponymy, Hypernymy, Taxonomy, Ontology.
References
2019
- (Wikipedia, 2019) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysemy Retrieved:2019-1-25.
- Polysemy (or ; from , poly-, "many" and , sêma, "sign") is the capacity for a sign (such as a word, phrase, or symbol) to have multiple meanings (that is, multiple semes or sememes and thus multiple senses), usually related by contiguity of meaning within a semantic field. Polysemy is thus distinct from homonymy—or homophony — which is an accidental similarity between two words (such as bear the animal, and the verb to bear); while homonymy is often a mere linguistic coincidence, polysemy is not. Charles Fillmore and Beryl Atkins' definition stipulates three elements: (i) the various senses of a polysemous word have a central origin, (ii) the links between these senses form a network, and (iii) understanding the 'inner' one contributes to understanding of the 'outer' one. [1]
Polysemy is a pivotal concept within disciplines such as media studies and linguistics. The analysis of polysemy, synonymy, and hyponymy and hypernymy is vital to taxonomy and ontology in the information-science senses of those terms. It has applications in pedagogy and machine learning, because they rely on word-sense disambiguation and schemas.
- Polysemy (or ; from , poly-, "many" and , sêma, "sign") is the capacity for a sign (such as a word, phrase, or symbol) to have multiple meanings (that is, multiple semes or sememes and thus multiple senses), usually related by contiguity of meaning within a semantic field. Polysemy is thus distinct from homonymy—or homophony — which is an accidental similarity between two words (such as bear the animal, and the verb to bear); while homonymy is often a mere linguistic coincidence, polysemy is not. Charles Fillmore and Beryl Atkins' definition stipulates three elements: (i) the various senses of a polysemous word have a central origin, (ii) the links between these senses form a network, and (iii) understanding the 'inner' one contributes to understanding of the 'outer' one. [1]
2009
- (WordNet, 2009) ⇒ http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=polysemous
- S: (adj) polysemous, polysemantic (of words; having many meanings)
- http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polysemous
- (linguistics) Having multiple meanings or interpretations.
- http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polysemy
- (semantics) The ability of words, signs and symbols to have multiple meanings.
- (Jurafsky & Martin, 2009) ⇒ Daniel Jurafsky, and James H. Martin. (2009). “Speech and Language Processing, 2nd edition." Pearson Education.
- The meaning of a lexeme can very enormously given the context. Consider these two users of the lemma bank ...
- We represent some of this contextual variation by saying that the lemma bank has two 'senses (footnote:
confusingly, the word "lemma" is itself ambiguous; it is also sometimes used to mean these separate senses, rather than the citation form of the word. You should be prepared to see both uses in the literature). A sense (or word sense) is a discrete representation of one aspect of the meaning of a word. Loosely following lexicographic tradition, we represent each sense by placing a superscript on the orthographic form of the lemma as in bank1 and bank2. - The sense of a word might not have any particular relation between them; it may be almost coincident that they share an orthographic form. For example, the financial institution and sloping mound sense of bank seem relatively unrelated. In such cases we say that the two senses are homonyms, and the relation between the sense is on of homonymy'
- When two senses are related semantically, we call the relationship between them polysemy rather than homonymy.
- While it can be useful to distinguish polysemy from homonymy, there is no hard threshold for how related two senses must be to be considered polysemous. Thus the difference is really one of degree. This face can be make very difficult to decide how many sense a word has. … We might consider two senses discrete if they have independent truth conditions, different syntactic behavior, and independent sense relations, or if they exhibit antagonistic meaning.
- One practical technique for determining if two sense are distinct is to conjoin two uses of a word in a single sentence; this kind of conjunction of antagonistic readings is called zeugma.
- We generally reserve the word homonym for two sense which share both a pronunciation and an orthography. A special case of multiple senses that cause problems for speech recognition and spelling correction is a homophone. Homophones are senses that are linked to lemmas with the same pronunciation but different spellings, such as wood/would or to/two/too. A related problem for speech synthesis are homographs (Chapter 8). Homographs are distinct senses linked to lemmas with the same orthographic form but different pronunciations, such as the homographs of bass.
1998
- (Carter, 1998) ⇒ Ronald Carter. (1998). “Vocabulary: Applied Linguistic Perspectives; 2nd edition." Routledge.
- We can also see that the notion of lexeme helps us to represent the polysemy - or the existence of several meanings - in individual words: that, far (n.). “fair (adj. as in good, acceptable) and fair (adj. as in light in colour, expecially of hair), would have three different lexeme meanings for the same word-form. The same applies to the different meanings of lap … But there are numerous less clear-cut categories. For example, in the case of line (draw a line; rail line; clothes line) is the same surface form realized by one, two, or three separate underlying lexemes? And are the meanings of chair (professional appointment; seat) or paper (newspaper; academic lecture) or dressing (sauce; manure; bandages) specialization of the same basic lexeme or not.
1995
- (Cruse, 1995) ⇒ Alan Cruse. (1995). “Polysemy and Related Phenomena from a Cognitive Linguistic Viewpoint.” In: Computational Lexical Semantics." Ed. Patrick St. Dizier and Evelyne Viegas, Cambridge University Press.
- It proposes a typology of Polysemous Relations.
- It proposes Polylexy relation for whether two word (senses?) belong in the same lexical/dictionary entry.
- Words are in a Polysemous Relation and not in a Polylexic Relation when its (non-base?) meanings can be predictably generated rather than stored.