Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

A Israeli-Palestinian Conflict is a protracted conflict between Israelis and Palestinians that centers around issues of national identity, territorial disputes, and sovereignty.

• Context:
  • It can (typically) involve Armed Conflicts, political tension, and intermittent peace negotiations.
  • It can (often) include Human Rights Concerns related to displacement, settlement, and military occupation.
  • It can range from being a Localized Conflict over specific areas such as East Jerusalem, West Bank, and Gaza Strip to impacting broader International Relations and policies.
  • It can include significant Religious Significance due to the sacred sites in Jerusalem important to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
  • It can lead to International Mediation efforts by entities like the United Nations, United States, European Union, and other regional actors.
  • It can see fluctuations in intensity, from violent escalations like the 2023 Israel–Hamas War to periods of relative calm and negotiation.
  • It can be characterized by complex Diplomatic Challenges, involving various international actors and often affected by global political shifts.
  • It can be associated with an Israeli Apartheid System.
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• Example(s):
  • the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, also known as the Nakba, where the declaration of the state of Israel led to a major conflict with neighboring Arab states and the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians.
  • the Six-Day War of 1967, a pivotal event where Israel's preemptive strike against Egypt resulted in the capture of significant territories including the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem.
  • the Yom Kippur War in 1973, initiated by a surprise attack from Egypt and Syria on the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur, which significantly influenced the subsequent peace process between Israel and Egypt.
  • the Oslo Accords in 1993, a landmark peace agreement between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) that created the Palestinian Authority and established a framework for future peace negotiations.
  • First Intifada with significant uprisings by Palestinians against Israeli occupation.
  • the Second Intifada from 2000 to 2005, marked by intense violence and the construction of the West Bank barrier in response to security concerns, deeply impacting the lives of both Israelis and Palestinians.
  • the Gaza Disengagement in 2005, when Israel unilaterally withdrew from the Gaza Strip, leading to significant political changes and the eventual control of the area by Hamas.
  • 2023 Israel–Hamas War, a recent manifestation of the ongoing conflict.
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• Counter-Example(s):
  • Israeli-Lebanese Conflict, involving different regional dynamics and parties.
  • Syrian Civil War, a primarily internal conflict with different root causes and international implications.
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• See: Arab–Israeli Conflict, Israeli-Occupied Territories, United Nations Office For The Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Occupied Palestinian Territory, All-Palestine Protectorate, Jordanian Annexation of The West Bank, Israeli Disengagement From Gaza, Peace Process in the Middle East, Two-State Solution, One-State Solution.

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References

2024

• (Wikipedia, 2024) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli–Palestinian_conflict Retrieved:2024-5-2.
  • {{The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is an ongoing military and political conflict about land and self-determination within the territory of the former Mandatory Palestine. Key aspects of the conflict include the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the status of Jerusalem, Israeli settlements, borders, security, water rights, the permit regime, Palestinian freedom of movement, and the Palestinian right of return. The conflict has its origins in the rise of Zionism in Europe and the arrival of Jewish settlers to Ottoman Palestine in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The local Arab population opposed Zionism, primarily out of fear of territorial displacement and dispossession. The Zionist movement garnered the support of an imperial power in the 1917 Balfour Declaration issued by Britain, which promised to support the creation of a "Jewish homeland in Palestine". Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, Mandatory Palestine was established as a British mandate. Tensions between Jews and Arabs grew into intercommunal conflict. In 1936, an Arab revolt erupted demanding independence, which the British suppressed. The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine triggered the 1948 Palestine war, which saw the expulsion and flight of most Palestinian Arabs, the establishment of Israel on most of the Mandate's territory, and the control of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank by Egypt and Jordan, respectively. In the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel occupied the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (which became known as the Palestinian territories), which is now considered to be the longest military occupation in modern history, and has drawn international condemnation for violating the human rights of the Palestinians. The conflict has claimed many civilian casualties, mostly Palestinian, since its inception. Various attempts have been made to resolve the conflict as part of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, alongside efforts to resolve the broader Arab–Israeli conflict. Progress towards a negotiated solution between the Israeli government and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was made with the Oslo Accords of 1993–1995. The majority of recent peace efforts have been centred around the two-state solution, which involves the establishment of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel. Public support for a two-state solution, which formerly enjoyed support from both Israeli Jews and Palestinians, has dwindled in recent years. Official negotiations are mediated by the Quartet on the Middle East, which consists of the United Nations, the United States, Russia, and the European Union. The Arab League, which has proposed the Arab Peace Initiative, is another important actor, along with Egypt and Jordan. Since 2006, the Palestinian side has been split between Fatah dominating the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank and Hamas that gained control of the Gaza Strip. Attempts to remedy this have been repeated and continuing. Since 2019, the Israeli side has also been experiencing political crisis. The latest round of peace negotiations began in July 2013 but were suspended in 2014. Since 2006, Hamas and Israel have fought five wars, the most recent of which began in 2023 and is ongoing .

2024

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  • NOTES: The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has resulted in a situation that can be characterized as a Structural Oppression Period for the Palestinians living in the occupied territories (West Bank and Gaza Strip). This oppression manifests in various forms:
    1. Restricted freedom of movement: Palestinians face a complex system of checkpoints, barriers, and permit requirements that limit their ability to travel within the occupied territories and to enter Israel. This restriction affects their access to employment, education, healthcare, and family visits.
    2. Economic constraints: The Israeli control over borders, resources, and infrastructure in the occupied territories has hindered Palestinian economic development. Restrictions on imports, exports, and the movement of goods have contributed to high unemployment rates and economic instability.
    3. Limited political rights: Palestinians in the occupied territories have limited autonomy and political representation. The Palestinian Authority has some control over parts of the West Bank, but Israel maintains overall security control. In East Jerusalem, Palestinians have residency rights but not full Israeli citizenship, which limits their political participation.
    4. Land confiscation and settlement expansion: Israel has confiscated Palestinian land in the West Bank for military purposes and Jewish settlements. These settlements, considered illegal under international law, fragment Palestinian territories and make it difficult for Palestinians to access their land and resources.
    5. Unequal access to resources: There is a significant disparity in access to resources such as water, electricity, and infrastructure between Israeli settlements and Palestinian communities in the occupied territories.
    6. Military presence and violence: Palestinians in the occupied territories live under Israeli military rule, which has led to incidents of violence, raids, and detentions. The use of excessive force by Israeli security forces and the presence of armed settlers have contributed to a climate of fear and insecurity.
  • These factors, among others, create a situation of structural oppression where Palestinians face systemic disadvantages and limitations on their rights and freedoms. This oppression has been ongoing for decades, with the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip beginning in 1967 following the Six-Day War.

    Efforts to address this structural oppression have included international condemnation of Israeli policies, calls for the end of the occupation, and initiatives to support Palestinian rights and development. However, the deep-rooted nature of the conflict and the power imbalance between the two sides have made progress difficult, and the structural oppression of Palestinians remains a significant challenge in the region.

2024

• GPT-4
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No.	Stateless Nation / Ethnic Group	Population Estimate	Structural Oppression Period	Power Dynamics	Competing Claims	International Attention
5	Palestinians	Around 13 million	Ongoing	Israeli state vs. Palestinian sovereignty	Land and national identity	Very high