Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)
A Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) is a DNA loci containing short repetitions of base sequences, where each repetition is followed by short segments of spacer DNA from previous exposures to a virus.
- Example(s):
- CRISPR-Cas9,
- …
- Counter-Example(s):
- See: DNA, Nucleotide String, Spacer DNA, Immune System, Prokaryote, Plasmids, Phage, Acquired Immunity, DNA-Cutting Enzyme, Streptococcus Pyogenes, RNA Interference.
References
2022
- (Wikipedia, 2022) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR Retrieved:2022-11-20.
- CRISPR (an acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea.[1] These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that had previously infected the prokaryote. They are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections. Hence these sequences play a key role in the antiviral (i.e. anti-phage) defense system of prokaryotes and provide a form of acquired immunity.[1][2] [3] CRISPR is found in approximately 50% of sequenced bacterial genomes and nearly 90% of sequenced archaea.[4]
Cas9 (or "CRISPR-associated protein 9") is an enzyme that uses CRISPR sequences as a guide to recognize and cleave specific strands of DNA that are complementary to the CRISPR sequence. Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences form the basis of a technology known as CRISPR-Cas9 that can be used to edit genes within organisms. [5] This editing process has a wide variety of applications including basic biological research, development of biotechnological products, and treatment of diseases. [6] [7] The development of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique was recognized by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020 which was awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna.[8][9] In 2022, based on evidence presented in Interference 106, 115, the PTAB tipped the scale for invention covering application of CRISPR-Cas9 in eukaryotic cells in favour of Feng Zhang, a professor of the Broad Institute.
- CRISPR (an acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea.[1] These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that had previously infected the prokaryote. They are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections. Hence these sequences play a key role in the antiviral (i.e. anti-phage) defense system of prokaryotes and provide a form of acquired immunity.[1][2] [3] CRISPR is found in approximately 50% of sequenced bacterial genomes and nearly 90% of sequenced archaea.[4]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Barrangou R (2015). “The roles of CRISPR-Cas systems in adaptive immunity and beyond". Current Opinion in Immunology. 32: 36–41. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2014.12.008. PMID 25574773.
- ↑ Barrangou R, Fremaux C, Deveau H, Richards M, Boyaval P, Moineau S, et al. (March 2007). “CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes". Science. 315 (5819): 1709–1712. Bibcode:2007Sci...315.1709B. doi:10.1126/science.1138140. [1]. PMID 17379808. S2CID 3888761.
- ↑ Marraffini LA, Sontheimer EJ (December 2008). "CRISPR interference limits horizontal gene transfer in staphylococci by targeting DNA". Science. 322 (5909): 1843–1845. Bibcode:2008Sci...322.1843M. doi:10.1126/science.1165771. PMC 2695655. PMID 19095942.
- ↑ Hille F, Richter H, Wong SP, Bratovič M, Ressel S, Charpentier E (March 2018). “The Biology of CRISPR-Cas: Backward and Forward". Cell. 172 (6): 1239–1259. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.032. hdl:21.11116/0000-0003-FC0D-4. PMID 29522745. S2CID 3777503.
- ↑ Zhang F, Wen Y, Guo X (2014). "CRISPR/Cas9 for genome editing: progress, implications and challenges". Human Molecular Genetics. 23 (R1): R40–6. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu125. PMID 24651067.
- ↑ CRISPR-CAS9, TALENS and ZFNS - the battle in gene editing https://www.ptglab.com/news/blog/crispr-cas9-talens-and-zfns-the-battle-in-gene-editing/
- ↑ Hsu PD, Lander ES, Zhang F (June 2014). "Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering". Cell. 157 (6): 1262–1278. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.010. PMC 4343198. PMID 24906146.
- ↑ "Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ↑ Wu KJ, Peltier E (7 October 2020). "Nobel Prize in Chemistry Awarded to 2 Scientists for Work on Genome Editing – Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna developed the Crispr tool, which can alter the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms with high precision". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 October 2020.