Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor
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An Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor is a enzyme inhibitor of ACE enzymes.
- Context:
- It can be used for the treatment of hypertension, as well as cardiovascular and kidney diseases.
- It can also be used to help decrease excessive water consumption in patients with schizophrenia (psychogenic polydipsia), and used after renal transplant to manage post-transplant erythrocytosis.
- It can have the following adverse effects: low blood pressure, cough, hyperkalemia, headache, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, and kidney impairment.
- It can range fron being a Sulfhydryl-based ACE Inhibitor, to being a Dicarboxylate-based ACE Inhibitor, to being a Phosphonate ACE Inhibitor.
- Example(s):
- a naturally occurring ACE inhibitor such as:
- Arfalasin,
- Casokinin,
- Lactokinin,
- …
- a Sulfhydryl-based ACE Inhibitor such as:
- a Dicarboxylate-based ACE Inhibitor such as:
- a Phosphonate ACE Inhibitor such as:
- Fosinopril,
- …
- …
- a naturally occurring ACE inhibitor such as:
- Counter-Example(s):
- See: Heart Failure, Blood Volume, Blood Pressure, Heart, Enzyme Inhibitor, Renin–Angiotensin System, Angiotensin I.
References
2020
- (Wikipedia, 2020) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_inhibitor Retrieved:2020-3-25.
- Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) are a class of medication used primarily for the treatment of high blood pressure and heart failure.[1] [2] They work by causing relaxation of blood vessels as well as a decrease in blood volume, which leads to lower blood pressure and decreased oxygen demand from the heart.
ACE inhibitors inhibit the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme, an important component of the renin–angiotensin system liable to convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II,[3] and hydrolyse bradykinin[1] Thereby, ACE inhibitors in turn decrease the formation of angiotensin II, a vasopressin, but increase the level of bradykinin, a peptide vasodilator.[3][1] This combination, thereby, is synergistic in increasing ACE inhibitors' blood pressure-lowering effect.[3][1]
Frequently prescribed ACE inhibitors include benazepril, zofenopril, perindopril, trandolapril, captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, and ramipril.
- Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) are a class of medication used primarily for the treatment of high blood pressure and heart failure.[1] [2] They work by causing relaxation of blood vessels as well as a decrease in blood volume, which leads to lower blood pressure and decreased oxygen demand from the heart.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Kaplan's Essentials of Cardiac Anesthesia. Elsevier. 2018. doi:10.1016/c2012-0-06151-0. ISBN 978-0-323-49798-5. “ Mechanisms of Action:ACE inhibitors act by inhibiting one of several proteases responsible for cleaving the decapeptide Ang I to form the octapeptide Ang II. Because ACE is also the enzyme that degrades bradykinin, ACE inhibitors increase circulating and tissue levels of bradykinin (Fig. 8.4)".
- ↑ Aronow, Wilbert S. (2010). “Cardiac Arrhythmias". Brocklehurst's Textbook of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology. Elsevier. pp. 327–337. doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6231-8.10045-5. ISBN 978-1-4160-6231-8. “Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ACE inhibitors have been demonstrated to reduce sudden cardiac death in some studies of persons with CHF.24,56"
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Byrd, James Brian; Ram, C. Venkata S.; Lerma, Edgar V. (2019). “Pharmacologic treatment of hypertension". Nephrology Secrets. Elsevier. pp. 477–482. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-47871-7.00078-2. ISBN 978-0-323-47871-7. “ACE inhibitors inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thereby producing vasodilation and lowering BP. Because the hydrolysis of bradykinin is also inhibited by these drugs, cough (7% to 12%) can occur."