Solar Flare

Context:
- It can (typically) be observed in the Solar Corona and Solar Chromosphere.
- It can (typically) release large Amounts of Energy, often on the order of billions of kilotons of TNT.
- It can (typically) emit a broad range of Electromagnetic Waves, from gamma rays to radio waves.
- It can (often) lead to significant disturbances in the Earth's Magnetosphere, known as space weather.
- It can (often) affect communication systems and Satellite Technology.
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Example(s):
- the Solar Flare event recorded on 4th November 2003, considered one of the most powerful in recent history.
- the Carrington Event in 1859, the largest recorded solar flare which caused widespread disruption to telegraph systems.
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Counter-Example(s):
- a Lunar Eclipse, which is an astronomical event related to the Moon, not the Sun.
- a Asteroid Strike.
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See: Solar Storm, Coronal Mass Ejection, Sunspot, Flare Star, Solar Prominence, Solar Dynamics Observatory.

References

(Wikipedia, 2018) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/solar_flare Retrieved:2018-1-22.
- A solar flare is a sudden flash of increased Sun's brightness, usually observed near its surface. Flares are often, but not always, accompanied by a coronal mass ejection.
  Solar flares fall on a very broad spectrum of emissions, an energy release of typically 10²⁰ joules of energy is considered to be the median for a well-observed event, while a major event can emit up to 10²⁵ joules The flare ejects clouds of electrons, ions, and atoms along with the electromagnetic waves through the Sun's corona into outer space. The phenomenon therefore provides an early example of multi-messenger astronomy. If ejection is in the direction of the Earth the particles hitting the upper atmosphere can cause bright auroras, and may even disrupt long range radio communication. It usually takes a day or two for these clouds to reach Earth. ^[1] The term is also used to refer to similar phenomena in other stars, where the term stellar flare applies.

(Nishizuka et al., 2018) ⇒ Nishizuka, N., Sugiura, K., Kubo, Y., Den, M.... (2018). “Deep flare net (DeFN) model for solar flare prediction." The Astrophysical Journal.
- QUOTE: Using the DeFN model and solar feature database, we performed solar flare prediction within the following 24 hr in an operational setting.

(Tsurutani et al., 2009) ⇒ Tsurutani, B.T., Verkhoglyadova, O.P., Mannucci, A.J.,... (2009). “A brief review of solar flare effects on the ionosphere." Radio Science, IEEE Xplore.
- QUOTE: This study emphasized the importance of the spectra of solar flares for SFEs.

(Gosling, 1993) ⇒ Gosling, JT. (1993). “The solar flare myth." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Wiley Online Library.
- QUOTE: Many large, nonrecurrent geomagnetic storms have no obvious association with solar flares, and many large solar flares are not followed by large geomagnetic storms.

(Dennis, 1988) ⇒ Dennis, B.R. (1988). “Solar flare hard X-ray observations." Solar Physics, Springer.
- QUOTE: Hard X-rays can provide pivotal insights in unraveling the fundamental mysteries of solar flares.

(Heyvaerts et al., 1977) ⇒ Heyvaerts, J., Priest, E. R., & Rust, D. M. (1977). “An emerging flux model for the solar flare phenomenon." The Astrophysical Journal.
- QUOTE: It is suggested that many solar flares occur in three stages when loops of magnetic flux emerge…

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