First Industrial Revolution (~1760 to ~1840)

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A First Industrial Revolution (~1760 to ~1840) is an industrial revolution that made use of coal-driven steam power in manufacturing.

References

2023

  • (Wikipedia, 2023) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution Retrieved:2023-5-7.
    • The Industrial Revolution was a period of global transition of human economy towards more efficient and stable manufacturing processes that succeeded the Agricultural Revolution, starting from Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, that occurred during the period from around 1760 to about 1820–1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and the rise of the mechanized factory system. Output greatly increased, and a result was an unprecedented rise in population and in the rate of population growth. The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[1] and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.

      On a structural level the industrial revolution asked society the so-called social question, demanding new ideas for managing large groups of individuals. Growing poverty on one hand and growing population and materialistic wealth on the other caused tensions between the very rich and the poorest people within society. These tensions were sometimes violently released and led to philosophical ideas such as socialism, communism and anarchism.

      The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and many of the technological and architectural innovations were of British origin. [2] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the world's leading commercial nation, controlling a global trading empire with colonies in North America and the Caribbean. Britain had major military and political hegemony on the Indian subcontinent; particularly with the proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal, through the activities of the East India Company.[3] [4] [5] [6] The development of trade and the rise of business were among the major causes of the Industrial Revolution.[1]

      The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in history. Comparable only to humanity's adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement, the Industrial Revolution influenced in some way almost every aspect of daily life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists have said the most important effect of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population in the Western world began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the late 19th and 20th centuries.[7][8][9] GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy,[10] while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies.[11] Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history since the domestication of animals and plants.[12]

      The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[13][14][15][16] Eric Hobsbawm held that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s,[13] while T. S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830.[14] Rapid industrialisation first began in Britain, starting with mechanized textiles spinning in the 1780s,[17] with high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurring after 1800. Mechanized textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the United States in the early 19th century, with important centres of textiles, iron and coal emerging in Belgium and the United States and later textiles in France.[1]

      An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanized spinning and weaving, slowed and their markets matured. Innovations developed late in the period, such as the increasing adoption of locomotives, steamboats and steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s, were not powerful enough to drive high rates of growth. Rapid economic growth began to occur after 1870, springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the Second Industrial Revolution. These innovations included new steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, the large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[1]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Landes, David S. (1969). The Unbound Prometheus. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. ISBN 978-0521094184.
  2. ↑ E. Anthony Wrigley, "Reconsidering the Industrial Revolution: England and Wales." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 49.01 (2018): 9–42.
  3. ↑ Tong, Junie T. (2016). Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets. CRC Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-1317135227.
  4. ↑ Esposito, John L., ed. (2004). The Islamic World: Past and Present. Vol. 1: Abba – Hist. Oxford University Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0195165203.
  5. ↑ Ray, Indrajit (2011). Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857). Routledge. pp. 7–10. ISBN 978-1136825521.
  6. ↑ Landes, David (1999). The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393318883.
  7. ↑ Lucas, Robert E. Jr. (2002). Lectures on Economic Growth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0674016019.
  8. ↑ Feinstein, Charles (September 1998). “Pessimism Perpetuated: Real Wages and the Standard of Living in Britain during and after the Industrial Revolution". Journal of Economic History. 58 (3): 625–658. doi:10.1017/s0022050700021100. S2CID 54816980.
  9. ↑ Szreter & Mooney; Mooney (February 1998). “Urbanization, Mortality, and the Standard of Living Debate: New Estimates of the Expectation of Life at Birth in Nineteenth-Century British Cities". The Economic History Review. 51 (1): 104. doi:10.1111/1468-0289.00084. hdl:10.1111/1468-0289.00084.
  10. ↑ Lucas, Robert E. Jr. (2002). Lectures on Economic Growth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0674016019.
  11. ↑ Lucas, Robert (2003). "The Industrial Revolution Past and Future". Archived from the original on 27 November 2007. [consider] annual growth rates of 2.4 percent for the first 60 years of the 20th century, of 1 percent for the entire 19th century, of one-third of 1 percent for the 18th century"
  12. ↑ McCloskey, Deidre (2004). "Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain (edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson), Times Higher Education Supplement, 15 January 2004".
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848, Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd., p. 27 ISBN 0349104840
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Joseph E Inikori. Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521010799 Google Books
  15. ↑ Berg, Maxine; Hudson, Pat (1992). "Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution" (PDF). The Economic History Review. 45 (1): 24–50. doi:10.2307/2598327. JSTOR 2598327
  16. ↑ Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution Archived 9 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine by Julie Lorenzen, Central Michigan University. Retrieved November 2006.
  17. ↑ Gupta, Bishnupriya. "Cotton Textiles and the Great Divergence: Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage, 1600–1850" (PDF). International Institute of Social History. Department of Economics, University of Warwick. Retrieved 5 December 2016.

1867

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