Second Industrial Revolution (~1870 to ~1914)
A Second Industrial Revolution (~1870 to ~1914) is an industrial revolution that was spurred by new energy sources, including petroleum and electricity, and the advancement of energy converting technologies such as electrification.
- Context:
- It can be a historical period characterized by the expansion of heavy industry and marked advancements in manufacturing and production technology.
- It can largely have occurred in the advanced economies of the time, including the United Kingdom Economy, German Economy, and United States Economy.
- It can be associated with a Second Industrial Revolution Emergence Period (~1870 to ~1880) (marked by the introduction of electrical power and telephone communication) and a Second Industrial Revolution Growth Period (~1880 to ~1914) (characterized by mass production and the spread of industrialization).
- It can include the development of new steel production methods such as the Bessemer process and open hearth furnace.
- It can be marked by the widespread adoption of electricity, internal combustion engines, and synthetic dyes.
- It can bring about improvements in transportation such as railroads, steamships, and the automobile.
- It can present challenges such as economic inequality, urban overcrowding, and labor unrest.
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- Example(s):
- Counter-Example(s):
- See: Mass Production, World War I, Bessemer aProcess, Railroad, Steel, Bessemer Process, Electrification, Telephone, Automobile, Assembly Line, Corporation.
References
2023
- Web-search summary
- The Second Industrial Revolution, which occurred between approximately 1870 and 1914, was a period distinguished by massive strides in technology and societal shifts. It marked a departure from the steam-powered factories of the First Industrial Revolution, instead leveraging scientific knowledge and the use of new materials, such as synthetic ones and lighter metals, leading to progress in mass production and manufacturing sectors. Prominent developments included the creation of inventions like the air brake system for trains, the light bulb, the QWERTY typewriter keyboard, and the wireless telegraph.
This era significantly impacted sectors such as manufacturing, production, and technology, setting the stage for additional industrial and technological evolution to come. Advancements were seen in steel production, textile manufacturing, chemicals, electricity generation, transportation, and communication. Improvements were also noted in areas like agriculture, healthcare, and urbanization. Despite its many advancements, the period also faced challenges, particularly with regard to social inequality and difficult labor conditions for the working class. As a whole, the Second Industrial Revolution was a period of accelerated technological development and societal transformation, molding the modern arena and paving the way for future advancements.
- The Second Industrial Revolution, which occurred between approximately 1870 and 1914, was a period distinguished by massive strides in technology and societal shifts. It marked a departure from the steam-powered factories of the First Industrial Revolution, instead leveraging scientific knowledge and the use of new materials, such as synthetic ones and lighter metals, leading to progress in mass production and manufacturing sectors. Prominent developments included the creation of inventions like the air brake system for trains, the light bulb, the QWERTY typewriter keyboard, and the wireless telegraph.
2015
- (Wikipedia, 2015) ⇒ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution Retrieved:2015-1-2.
- The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of the larger Industrial Revolution corresponding to the latter half of the 19th century until World War I. It is considered to have begun around the time of the introduction of Bessemer steel in the 1860s and culminated in early factory electrification, mass production and the production line. The Second Industrial Revolution was characterized by the build out of railroads, large scale iron and steel production, widespread use of machinery in manufacturing, greatly increased use of steam power, use of oil, beginning of electricity and by electrical communications. The Second Industrial Revolution saw rapid industrial development, primarily in Britain, Germany and the United States, but also in France, the Low Countries and Japan. It followed on from the First Industrial Revolution that began in Britain in the late 18th century that then spread throughout Western Europe and North America. The concept was introduced by Patrick Geddes, Cities in Evolution (1910), but David Landes' use of the term in a 1966 essay and in The Unbound Prometheus (1972) standardized scholarly definitions of the term, which was most intensely promoted by American historian Alfred Chandler (1918–2007). However, some continue to express reservations about its use. [1] Landes (2003) stresses the importance of new technologies, especially, the internal combustion engine and petroleum, new materials and substances, including alloys and chemicals, electricity and communication technologies (such as the telegraph, telephone and radio).
While the first industrial revolution was centered on textiles, iron and steam engine technologies, the second industrial revolution revolved around steel, railroads, petroleum and chemicals and, finally, electricity.
Vaclav Smil called the period 1867–1914 "The Age of Synergy” during which most of the great innovations were developed. Unlike the First Industrial Revolution, the inventions and innovations were engineering science-based.[2]
- The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of the larger Industrial Revolution corresponding to the latter half of the 19th century until World War I. It is considered to have begun around the time of the introduction of Bessemer steel in the 1860s and culminated in early factory electrification, mass production and the production line. The Second Industrial Revolution was characterized by the build out of railroads, large scale iron and steel production, widespread use of machinery in manufacturing, greatly increased use of steam power, use of oil, beginning of electricity and by electrical communications. The Second Industrial Revolution saw rapid industrial development, primarily in Britain, Germany and the United States, but also in France, the Low Countries and Japan. It followed on from the First Industrial Revolution that began in Britain in the late 18th century that then spread throughout Western Europe and North America. The concept was introduced by Patrick Geddes, Cities in Evolution (1910), but David Landes' use of the term in a 1966 essay and in The Unbound Prometheus (1972) standardized scholarly definitions of the term, which was most intensely promoted by American historian Alfred Chandler (1918–2007). However, some continue to express reservations about its use. [1] Landes (2003) stresses the importance of new technologies, especially, the internal combustion engine and petroleum, new materials and substances, including alloys and chemicals, electricity and communication technologies (such as the telegraph, telephone and radio).