COVID-19 Disease

A COVID-19 Disease is a viral infectious disease which involved a COVID-19 infection of a SARS-CoV-2 virus.

• Context:
  • It can (typically) be associated with a COVID-19 Case Population (of COVID-19 cases).
  • It can (often) be presaged by COVID-19 Symptoms, such as: Fever, Dry Cough, Shortness of Breath, Headaches, Sore Throat, Fatigue, ...
  • It can be associated with measures, such as: a COVID-19 Incubation Period (of ~5 day median, Lauer et al., 2020).
  • It can be prevented by a COVID-19 Vaccine.
  • It can have a COVID-19 Incubation Period, of ~5 day median (Lauer et al., 2020).
  • It can have a COVID-19 Spread that could be modeled with a COVID-19 simulation model.
  • …
• Example(s):
  • as it manifested during the COVID-19 Pandemic.
  • …
• Counter-Example(s):
  • SARS Disease (in SARS cases).
  • MERS Disease (in MERS cases).
  • Flu Disease (in Influenza cases).
  • Common Cold (in Common Cold cases).
• See: Acute Respiratory Infection, Viral Pneumonia, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), State of Human Sickness.

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References

2020

• (Wikipedia, 2020) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 Retrieved:2020-3-15.
  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease started in 2019 in Wuhan, China and has spread globally, resulting in the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. Common symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath. Muscle pain, sputum production and sore throat are less common symptoms. While the majority of case s result in mild symptoms, some progress to pneumonia and multi-organ failure. The deaths per number of diagnosed cases is estimated at between 1% and 5% but varies by age and other health conditions. The infection is spread from one person to others via respiratory droplets, often produced during coughing and sneezing. Time from exposure to onset of symptoms is generally between 2 and 14 days, with an average of 5 days. The standard method of diagnosis is by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab or throat swab. The infection can also be diagnosed from a combination of symptoms, risk factors and a chest CT scan showing features of pneumonia. Jin YH, Cai L, Cheng ZS, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan YP, et al. (February 2020). "A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version)". Military Medical Research. 7 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6. PMC 7003341. PMID 32029004.</ref> "CT provides best diagnosis for COVID-19". ScienceDaily. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.</ref> Recommended measures to prevent the disease include frequent hand washing, maintaining distance from other people and not touching one's face. The use of masks is recommended for those who suspect they have the virus and their caregivers, but not the general public. There is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19; management involves treatment of symptoms, supportive care and experimental measures. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak a pandemic and a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Evidence of local transmission of the disease has been found in many countries across all six WHO regions.

2020b

• (WHO, 2020) ⇒ World Health Organization (2020). "Global research on coronavirus disease (COVID-19)". Retrieved:2020-03-15.
  • QUOTE: WHO is gathering the latest scientific findings and knowledge on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and compiling it in a database. We update the database daily from searches of bibliographic databases, hand searches of the table of contents of relevant journals, and the addition of other relevant scientific articles that come to our attention. The entries in the database may not be exhaustive and new research will be added regularly.

    Download Full Database.

2020d

• (Ng et al., 2020) ⇒ Yixiang Ng, Zongbin Li, Yi Xian Chua, Wei Liang Chaw, Zheng Zhao, Benjamin Er, Rachael Pung, Calvin J. Chiew, David C. Lye, Derrick Heng, and Vernon J. Lee (2020). "Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Surveillance and Containment Measures for the First 100 Patients with COVID-19 in Singapore — January 2–February 29, 2020". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 13 March 2020. DOI:10.15585/mmwr.mm6911e1.
  • QUOTE: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and has since spread globally, resulting in >95,000 confirmed COVID-19 cases worldwide by March 5, 2020 . Singapore adopted a multipronged surveillance strategy that included applying the case definition at medical consults, tracing contacts of patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, enhancing surveillance among different patient groups (all patients with pneumonia, hospitalized patients in intensive care units [ICUs] with possible infectious diseases, primary care patients with influenza-like illness, and deaths from possible infectious etiologies), and allowing clinician discretion (i.e., option to order a test based on clinical suspicion, even if the case definition was not met) to identify COVID-19 patients. Containment measures, including patient isolation and quarantine, active monitoring of contacts, border controls, and community education and precautions, were performed to minimize disease spread. As of March 5, 2020, a total of 117 COVID-19 cases had been identified in Singapore. This report analyzes the first 100 COVID-19 patients in Singapore to determine the effectiveness of the surveillance and containment measures. COVID-19 patients were classified by the primary means by which they were detected. Application of the case definition and contact tracing identified 73 patients, 16 were detected by enhanced surveillance, and 11 were identified by laboratory testing based on providers’ clinical discretion. Effectiveness of these measures was assessed by calculating the 7-day moving average of the interval from symptom onset to isolation in hospital or quarantine, which indicated significant decreasing trends for both local and imported COVID-19 cases. Rapid identification and isolation of cases, quarantine of close contacts, and active monitoring of other contacts have been effective in suppressing expansion of the outbreak and have implications for other countries experiencing outbreaks.

2020e

• (Cochrane, 2020) ⇒ Special Collection: Coronavirus (COVID-19): evidence relevant to critical care. Retrieved: 2020-03-15.
  • QUOTE: The 2019 Coronavirus outbreak was declared a global Public Health Emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 30th January 2020.

    The WHO is now working closely with global experts, governments and partners to rapidly expand scientific knowledge on this new virus, to track the spread and virulence of the virus, and to provide advice to countries and individuals on measures to protect health and prevent the spread of this outbreak.

2020f

• (Elsevier, 2020) ⇒ Elsevier (2020). "Novel Coronavirus Information Center. Elsevier’s free health and medical research on novel coronavirus (COVID-19)". Retrieved:2020-03-15.
  • QUOTE: Recent events have shown us (again) how rapidly a new disease can take root and spread. Such events are accompanied by an explosion of clinical and epidemiological information and research. The goal of this website is to open whatever resources we can to help public health authorities, researchers and clinicians contain and manage this disease. We will provide continually updated resources from Elsevier's content and experts. Our resources span scientific and medical journals and textbooks, educational products, and a variety of other resources, like travel precautions from the CDC and media posts of interest to our community. We have also created a interactive global map of experts based on Scopus data. In addition, Elsevier is now enabling full text and data mining of this growing body of knowledge through channels such as the NIH’s PubMed Central and the WHO database for free and without copyright limitations.

2020g

• (ECDC, 2020) ⇒ https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en Retrieved:2020-03-15.
  • QUOTE: Several countries are now experiencing sustained local transmission of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including in Europe.

    This is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation with ongoing outbreak investigations. ECDC is closely monitoring this outbreak and providing risk assessments to guide EU Member States and the EU Commission in their response activities.

    Read about the COVID-19 outbreak.

    Read about the risk to the EU/EEA and the UK.

2020h

• (JAMA, 2020) ⇒ JAMA Network (2020) Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Retrieved: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Retrieved:2020-03-15.
  • QUOTE: While coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to spread globally, overall mortality seems to match that of pandemic flu. In the largest case series to date of COVID-19 in mainland China (72,314 cases through February 11, 2020), the China CDC provided detailed epidemic curves and placed the current outbreak in the context of SARS and MERS-CoV patterns or illness and transmission.

2020i

• (The Lancet, 2020) ⇒ (2020). "COVID-19 Resource Centre". In: The Lancet. Retrieved:2020-03-15.
  • QUOTE: An Article published in The Lancet details first known person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 in the USA. Transmission occurred between two people with prolonged, unprotected exposure while the first patient was symptomatic. Despite active monitoring and testing of 372 contacts of both cases, no further transmission was detected.

2020j

• (Cell Press, 2020) ⇒ "Cell Press Coronavirus Resource Hub". Retrieved:2020-03-15.
  • QUOTE: At Cell Press, we recognize the urgent need to quickly share information about SARS-CoV-2 (also referred to as 2019-nCoV), the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. On this hub page, curated by members of our editorial team, you'll find our policies for submitting papers related to COVID-19, as well as content about the outbreak as it appears in Cell Press journals.

2020k

• (PLOSONE Blogs, 2020) ⇒ https://blogs.plos.org/plos/2020/01/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-outbreak/ Retrieved:2020-03-15.
  • QUOTE: The novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak is both saddening and concerning. The scientific community has come together rapidly to address this outbreak in an open and collaborative manner. As a publisher, we look to support the global response to this outbreak by sharing and amplifying research data and findings relevant to the outbreak. We are re-committing to a joint statement to rapid and open sharing of research data findings, coordinated by Wellcome, available here.

2020l

• (Springer Nature, 2020) ⇒ https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/campaigns/coronavirus Retrieved: 2020-03-15.
  • QUOTE: SARS-CoV-2 is a new virus responsible for an outbreak of respiratory illness known as COVID-19, which has spread to several countries around the world. As a leading research publisher, Springer Nature is committed to supporting the global response to emerging outbreaks by enabling fast and direct access to the latest available research, evidence, and data.

2020m

• (Wiley Online Library, 2020) ⇒ https://novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com Retrieved: 2020-03-15.
  • QUOTE: Following an outbreak of pneumonia without a clear cause in the city of Wuhan in China, a novel strain of coronavirus (2019-nCoV) was detected in December 2019.

     Coronaviruses were identified in the mid-1960s and are known to infect humans and a variety of animals (including birds and mammals). Since 2002, two coronaviruses infecting animals have evolved and caused outbreaks in humans: SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) identified in southern China in 2003, and MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome), identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Together, they have caused more than 1600 deaths.

2020n

• (Lauer et al., 2020) ⇒ Stephen A. Lauer, Kyra H. Grantz, Qifang Bi, Forrest K. Jones, Qulu Zheng, Hannah R. Meredith, Andrew S. Azman, Nicholas G. Reich, and Justin Lessler. (2020). “The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application.” Annals of Internal Medicine.
  • QUOTE: ... Results: There were 181 confirmed cases with identifiable exposure and symptom onset windows to estimate the incubation period of COVID-19. The median incubation period was estimated to be 5.1 days (95% CI, 4.5 to 5.8 days), and 97.5% of those who develop symptoms will do so within 11.5 days (CI, 8.2 to 15.6 days) of infection. These estimates imply that, under conservative assumptions, 101 out of every 10 000 cases (99th percentile, 482) will develop symptoms after 14 days of active monitoring or quarantine. …

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