Lexeme Lemma
A Lexeme Lemma is a canonical name given to a lexeme.
- AKA: Base Form, Natural Language Lemma.
- Context:
- It can be a Non-Unique Name (refer to more than one lexeme).
- It can represent a Dictionary Entry Headword.
- It can be derived from the Lexeme's Morphological Roots and Derivational Affixes.
- It can range from being a Linguistic Agent Lemma to being a Lexical System Lemma.
- It can be identical to the Root Word (no Derivational Transformation).
- It can be, for Verbs, the Infinitive or Present Tense First Person Singular.
- It can be, for Nouns, the Nominative Singular.
- It can be the Output of a Lemmatisation Task (for some Word Mention).
- Example(s):
- Counter-Example(s):
- a Word Stem, such as
-es. - a Morphological Root.
- a Word Stem, such as
- See: Morphological Parser, Suppletion, Lexicalisation, Headword.
References
2015
- (Wikipedia, 2015) ⇒ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemma_(morphology) Retrieved:2015-4-12.
- In morphology and lexicography, a lemma (plural lemmas or lemmata) is the canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of words (headword). In English, for example, run, runs, ran and running are forms of the same lexeme, with run as the lemma.
Lexeme, in this context, refers to the set of all the forms that have the same meaning, and lemma refers to the particular form that is chosen by convention to represent the lexeme. In lexicography, this unit is usually also the citation form or headword by which it is indexed. Lemmas have special significance in highly inflected languages such as Arabic, Turkish and Czech. The process of determining the lemma for a given word is called lemmatisation. The lemma can be viewed as the chief of the principal parts, although lemmatisation is at least partly arbitrary.
- In morphology and lexicography, a lemma (plural lemmas or lemmata) is the canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of words (headword). In English, for example, run, runs, ran and running are forms of the same lexeme, with run as the lemma.
2015
- (Wikipedia, 2015) ⇒ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemma_(psycholinguistics) Retrieved:2015-3-29.
- In psycholinguistics, a lemma (plural lemmas or lemmata) is an abstract conceptual form of a word that has been mentally selected for utterance in the early stages of speech production.[1] A lemma represents a specific meaning but does not have any specific sounds that are attached to it.
When we produce a word, we are essentially turning our thoughts into sounds, a process known as lexicalisation. In many psycholinguistic models this is considered to be at least a two-stage process. The first stage deals with semantics and syntax; the result of the first stage is an abstract notion of a word that represents a meaning and contains information about how the word can be used in a sentence. It does not, however, contain information about how the word is pronounced. The second stage deals with the phonology of the word; it attaches information about the sounds that will have to be uttered. The result of the first stage is the lemma in this model; the result of the second stage is referred to as the lexeme.
This two-staged model is the most widely supported theory of speech production in psycholinguistics,[2] although it has been challenged.[3] For example, there is some evidence to indicate that the grammatical gender of a noun is retrieved from the word's phonological form (the lexeme) rather than from the lemma.[4] This can be explained by models that do not assume a distinct level between the semantic and the phonological stages (and so lack a lemma representation).
The concept of lemma is similar to the Sanskrit sphoṭa (6th century), an invariant mental word, of which the sound is a feature.
- In psycholinguistics, a lemma (plural lemmas or lemmata) is an abstract conceptual form of a word that has been mentally selected for utterance in the early stages of speech production.[1] A lemma represents a specific meaning but does not have any specific sounds that are attached to it.
- ↑ Warren, Paul (2012). Introducing Psycholinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 243. ISBN 0521130565. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- ↑ Harley, T. (2005). The Psychology of Language. Hove; New York: Psychology Press. p. 359
- ↑ Caramazza, A. (1997). “How many levels of processing are there in lexical access?". Cognitive Neuropsychology. 14: 177–208. doi:10.1080/026432997381664.
- ↑ Starreveld, P. A.; La Heij, W. (2004). “Phonological facilitation of grammatical gender retrieval" (PDF). Language and Cognitive Processes. 19 (6): 677–711. doi:10.1080/01690960444000061.
2011
- (Wiktionary, 2011) ⇒ http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lemma
- 2. (linguistics, usually) The canonical form of an inflected word; usually, for verbs: the infinitive or the present tense, first person singular; and for nouns: the nominative singular.
- 3. (linguistics, less frequently) A lexeme; all the inflected forms of a term.
2009
- (Jurafsky & Martin, 2009) ⇒ Daniel Jurafsky, and James H. Martin. (2009). “Speech and Language Processing, 2nd edition." Pearson Education.
- QUOTE: For the purposes of lexical semantics, particularly for dictionaries and thesauruses, we represent a lexeme by a lemma. A lemma or citation form is the grammatical form that is used to represent a lexeme; thus, carpet is the lemma for carpets. The lemma or citation form for sing, sang, sung is sing. In many language the infinitive form is used as the lemma for the verb; thus in Spansih dormir "to sleep" is the lemma for the verb duermes "you sleep". The specific forms sung or carpets or sign or duermes are called wordforms.
2003
- (Mitkov, 2003) ⇒ Ruslan Mitkov, editor. (2003). “The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics." Oxford University Press. ISBN:019927634X
- QUOTE: Base Form: The part of a word that carries its meaning; it severs as the bases for all inflectional forms of the word.
2002
- (Haspelmath 2002 p.274)
- QUOTE: … the base of an inflected word-form …