Lexical Semantics Discipline

Context:
- It can propose a Lexical Semantics Model.
Example(s):
Counter-Example(s)
- a Semantic Parsing Task.
- a Knowledge Discovery Task.
See: Semantics, Computational Lexical Semantics Research Area, Word-level Analysis Task, SemCor Dataset, Lexical Semantics Relation, Lexicon, Syntax, Sentence (Linguistics), Morphemes, Bound Morphemes, Semantic Field.

References

(Wikipedia, 2015) ⇒ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lexical_semantics Retrieved:2015-2-2.
- Lexical semantics, is a subfield of linguistic semantics. The units of analysis in lexical semantics are lexical units which include not only words but also sub-words or sub-units such as affixes and even compound words and phrases. Lexical units make up the catalogue of words in a language, the lexicon. Lexical semantics looks at how the meaning of the lexical units correlates with the structure of the language or syntax. This is referred to as syntax-semantic interface. The study of lexical semantics looks at: * the classification and decomposition of lexical items * the differences and similarities in lexical semantic structure cross-linguistically * the relationship of lexical meaning to sentence meaning and syntax.
  Lexical units, also referred to as syntactic atoms, can stand alone such as in the case of root words or parts of compound words or they necessarily attach to other units such as prefixes and suffixes do. The former are called free morphemes and the latter bound morphemes. They fall into a narrow range of meanings (semantic fields) and can combine with each other to generate new meanings.

(Recanati, 2004) ⇒ François Récanati. (2004). “Literal Meaning." Cambridge University Press. ISBN:0521537363
- NOTE: It suggests that Utterance Content is affected by Context in ways beyond what is linguistically determined by the ordinary syntax and semantics of Chomsky, Montague and Grice.
- QUOTE: Despite the early antagonisms I have just described, semantics (the formal study of meaning and truth-condition) and pragmatics (the study of language in use) are now conceived of as complementary disciplines, shedding light on different aspects of language.

(Carter, 1998) ⇒ Ronald Carter. (1998). “Vocabulary: Applied Linguistic Perspectives; 2nd edition." Routledge. ISBN 9780415168649
- QUOTE: A main aim in this chapter is to introduce some basic terms and concepts in the analysis of vocabulary. The emphasis is on an exploration of what constitutes a word. There is an extensive literature on this topic stretching back over at least twenty years. The area of linguistics which covers the topic is generally known as lexical semantics and is most clearly represented in John Lyons’s two-volume study (Lyons, 1977).

(Pustejovsky, 1991) ⇒ James Pustejovsky. (1991). “The Generative Lexicon.” In: Computational Linguistics, 17(4).
- QUOTE: In this paper, I will discuss four major topics relating to current research in lexical semantics: methodology, descriptive coverage, adequacy of the representation, and the computational usefulness of representations.

(Cruse, 1986) ⇒ D. Alan Cruse. (1986). “Lexical Semantics." Cambridge University Press. ISBN:0521276438
- QUOTE: Lexical Semantics is about the meaning of words.

(Kripke, 1980) ⇒ Saul Kripke. (1980). “Naming and Necessity." Harvard University Press. ISBN:0674598466
- NOTE: "Kripke suggests that … we name something by confronting it and baptizing it" --Rorty
- NOTE: Introduces the concept of a Rigid Designator w.r.t. named entities.

(Lyons, 1977a) ⇒ John Lyons. (1977). “Semantics: volume I.” Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521291866
(Lyons, 1977b) ⇒ John Lyons. (1977). “Semantics: volumes II.” Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521291651

(Firth, 1957) ⇒ John Rupert Firth, (1957). “A Synopsis of Linguistic Theory, 1930-1955.” In: John Rupert Firth et al. Studies of Linguistic Analysis. Special volume of the Philological Society. Oxford University Press.
- NOTE: it contains the quote “You shall know a word by the company it keeps.”

(Wittgenstein, 1953) ⇒ Ludwig Wittgenstein. (1953). “Philosophical Investigations.” Anscombe, G. E. M.
- QUOTE: For a large class of cases – though not for all – in which we employ the word 'meaning' it can be defined thus: the meaning of a word is its use in the language. And the meaning of a name is sometimes explained by pointing to its bearer.'
- QUOTE: Your questions refer to words; so I have to talk about words. You say : The point isn't the work, but its meaning, and you think of the meaning as a thing of the same kind as the word, though also different from the word. Here the word, there the meaning. The money, and the cow that you can buy with it. (But contrast: money, and its use.)"