Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO)

Context:
- It has ~1000 Ontology Concepts, ~4000 Ontology Axioms, ~750 Ontology Rules.
- It is a Formal Ontology with its Ontology Rules stated in First-Order Logic.
- It is Mapped to a large Multi-lingual Lexicon.
- It has Open Source Tools for Ontology Development and Ontology Application.
- It has been manually mapped to all of WordNet 1.6 then ported to WordNet 3.0.
- Its development begun in 2000.
- It is associated to Domain Ontologies (released under GNU License).
- Its Home Page is http://www.ontologyportal.org
- It is available in KIF Format, OWL Format XML Format, DAML Format, LOOM Format, Protege Format.
Example(s):
- SUMO v1 [1], [2]
Counter-Example(s):
- DOLCE Ontology.
- Mikrokosmos Ontology.
See: Dublin Core, BFO Ontology, BabelNet.

References

(Wikipedia, 2016) ⇒ http://wikipedia.org/wiki/upper_ontology#SUMO Retrieved:2016-3-18.
- The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) is another comprehensive ontology project. It includes an upper ontology, created by the IEEE working group P1600.1 (originally by Ian Niles and Adam Pease). It is extended with many domain ontologies and a complete set of links to WordNet. It is open source.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggested_Upper_Merged_Ontology
- The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology or SUMO is an upper ontology intended as a foundation ontology for a variety of computer information processing systems. It was originally developed by the Teknowledge Corporation and now is maintained by Articulate Software. SUMO is open source.
  SUMO originally concerned itself with meta-level concepts (general entities that do not belong to a specific problem domain), and thereby would lead naturally to a categorization scheme for encyclopedias. It has now been considerably expanded to include a mid-level ontology and dozens of domain ontologies.
  SUMO was first released in December 2000. It defines a hierarchy of SUMO classes and related rules and relationships. These are formulated in a version of the language SUO-KIF which has a LISP-like syntax. A mapping from WordNet synsets to SUMO has also been defined.
  SUMO is organized for interoperability of automated reasoning engines. To maximize compatibility, schema designers can try to assure that their naming conventions use the same meanings as SUMO for identical words (for example, "agent" or "process"). SUMO has an associated open source Sigma knowledge engineering environment.

http://www.ontologyportal.org/
- The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) and its domain ontologies form the largest formal public ontology in existence today. They are being used for research and applications in search, linguistics and reasoning. SUMO is the only formal ontology that has been mapped to all of the WordNet lexicon. SUMO is written in the SUO-KIF language. SUMO is free and owned by the IEEE. The ontologies that extend SUMO are available under GNU General Public License. Adam Pease is the Technical Editor of SUMO.

http://protege.stanford.edu/ontologies/sumoOntology/sumo_ontology.html
- SUMO (Suggested Upper Merged Ontology) was developed within the IEEE Standard Upper Ontology Working Group. The goal of this Working Group is to develop a standard ontology that will promote data interoperability, information search and retrieval, automated inferencing, and natural language processing. An ontology is similar to a dictionary or glossary, but with greater detail and structure that enables computers to process its content. An ontology consists of a set of concepts, axioms, and relationships that describe a domain of interest. An upper ontology is limited to concepts that are meta, generic, abstract and philosophical, and therefore are general enough to address (at a high level) a broad range of domain areas. Concepts specific to given domains will not be included; however, this standard will provide a structure and a set of general concepts upon which domain ontologies (e.g. medical, financial, engineering, etc.) could be constructed.

(Pease, 2011) ⇒ Adam Pease. (2011). “Ontology: A Practical Guide." Articulate Software Press. ISBN:1889455105

(Arakawa, 2008) ⇒ Naoya Arakawa. (2008). “Semantic Analysis based on Ontologies with Semantic Web Standards.” In: Computer-aided Acquisition of Semantic Knowledge (CASK 2008).