Qing Dynasty (1636-1912)
A Qing Dynasty (1636-1912) is a Chinese dynasty that ...
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- See: Beiyang Government, Qin Dynasty, Han Chinese, Manchu People, History of The Qing Dynasty, Transition from Ming to Qing, National Decline.
References
2023
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/16/what-the-isolationist-qing-dynasty-tells-us-about-xi-jinpings-china
- QUOTE: ... But despite its success, rampant corruption, weak governance, internal revolts and foreign invasion led to the decline of its national power and its eventual collapse. The beginning of the 20th century would mark the end of China’s centuries-long dynasties, ruled over by emperors.
For decades, the Qing imperial dynasty’s isolationist policies have been widely blamed for the country’s downfall, but that history is now being revisited. ...
- QUOTE: ... But despite its success, rampant corruption, weak governance, internal revolts and foreign invasion led to the decline of its national power and its eventual collapse. The beginning of the 20th century would mark the end of China’s centuries-long dynasties, ruled over by emperors.
2023
- chat
- Q: In detail, what was the Qing Dynasty and what was it known for?
- A: The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China and ruled from 1644 to 1912. It was founded by the Manchu people, a semi-nomadic ethnic group from northeastern China. The Manchus conquered China and established the Qing Dynasty after defeating the Ming Dynasty in a series of wars.
The Qing Dynasty is known for several notable achievements and developments. One of the most significant was the expansion of the Chinese empire to include large parts of Central Asia, Tibet, and parts of Southeast Asia, making it the largest empire in the world at the time. It was also known for its military prowess and its powerful navy, which helped to protect China's coastal regions from foreign invasions.
Another important aspect of the Qing Dynasty was its cultural and artistic achievements. The Qing period saw a flourishing of literature, painting, and architecture, and is considered one of the most creative and dynamic periods in Chinese history.
The Qing Dynasty was also known for its strict social hierarchy and its rigid legal system. The imperial government was highly centralized and controlled by the emperor, who was considered the supreme ruler. The social hierarchy was divided into four classes: the emperor and his family, the noblemen, the commoners, and the slaves.
Additionally, the Qing dynastyhad a number of economic and social problems, such as the decline in agricultural productivity, high taxes, and the opium trade imposed by foreign powers. These issues ultimately contributed to the fall of the Qing dynastyand the rise of the Republic of China in 1912.
2023
- (Wikipedia, 2023) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty Retrieved:2023-1-16.
- The Qing dynasty (English /ˈtʃɪŋ/ Template:Respell), officially the Great Qing,Template:EfnTemplate:Efn was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history.It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speaking ethnic group who unified other Jurchen tribes to form a new "Manchu" ethnic identity. The dynasty was officially proclaimed in 1636 in Manchuria (modern-day Northeast China and Outer Manchuria). It seized control of Beijing in 1644, then later expanded its rule over the whole of China proper and Taiwan, and finally expanded into Inner Asia. The dynasty lasted until 1912 when it was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. In orthodox Chinese historiography, the Qing dynastywas preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The multiethnic Qing dynasty lasted for almost three centuries and assembled the territorial base for modern China. It was the largest imperial dynasty in the history of China and in 1790 the fourth-largest empire in world history in terms of territorial size. With 419,264,000 citizens in 1907, it was the world's most populous country at the time.
In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, leader of the House of Aisin-Gioro, began organizing “Banners", which were military-social units that included Manchu, Han, and Mongol elements. Nurhaci united clans to create a Manchu ethnic identity and officially founded the Later Jin dynasty in 1616. His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty "Great Qing" and elevated the realm to an empire in 1636. As Ming control disintegrated, peasant rebels conquered Beijing in 1644, but the Ming general Wu Sangui opened the Shanhai Pass to the armies of the regent Prince Dorgon, who defeated the rebels, seized the capital, and took over the government. Resistance from Ming loyalists in the south and the Revolt of the Three Feudatories delayed the complete conquest until 1683. The Kangxi Emperor (1661–1722) consolidated control, maintained the Manchu identity, patronized Tibetan Buddhism, and relished the role of a Confucian ruler. Han officials worked under or in parallel with Manchu officials. The dynasty also adapted the ideals of the tributary system in asserting superiority over peripheral countries such as Korea and Vietnam, while extending control over Tibet, Mongolia, and Xinjiang.
The height of Qing glory and power was reached in the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796). He led Ten Great Campaigns that extended Qing control into Inner Asia and personally supervised Confucian cultural projects. After his death, the dynasty faced changes in the world system, foreign intrusion, internal revolts, population growth, economic disruption, official corruption, and the reluctance of Confucian elites to change their mindsets. With peace and prosperity, the population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, soon leading to fiscal crisis. Following China's defeat in the Opium Wars, Western colonial powers forced the Qing government to sign “unequal treaties", granting them trading privileges, extraterritoriality and treaty ports under their control. The Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) and the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) in Central Asia led to the deaths of over 20 million people, from famine, disease, and war. The Tongzhi Restoration in the 1860s brought vigorous reforms and the introduction of foreign military technology in the Self-Strengthening Movement. Defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895 led to loss of suzerainty over Korea and cession of Taiwan to Japan. The ambitious Hundred Days' Reform of 1898 proposed fundamental change, but the Empress Dowager Cixi (1835–1908), who had been the dominant voice in the national government for more than three decades, turned it back in a coup.
In 1900 anti-foreign “Boxers” killed many Chinese Christians and foreign missionaries; in retaliation, the foreign powers invaded China and imposed a punitive Boxer Indemnity. In response, the government initiated unprecedented fiscal and administrative reforms, including elections, a new legal code, and the abolition of the examination system. Sun Yat-sen and revolutionaries debated reform officials and constitutional monarchists such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao over how to transform the Manchu-ruled empire into a modern Han nation. After the deaths of the Guangxu Emperor and Cixi in 1908, Manchu conservatives at court blocked reforms and alienated reformers and local elites alike. The Wuchang Uprising on 10 October 1911 led to the Xinhai Revolution. The abdication of the Xuantong Emperor, the last emperor, on 12 February 1912, brought the dynasty to an end. In 1917, it was briefly restored in an episode known as the Manchu Restoration, but this was neither recognized by the Beiyang government of the Republic of China nor the international community.
- The Qing dynasty (English /ˈtʃɪŋ/ Template:Respell), officially the Great Qing,Template:EfnTemplate:Efn was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history.It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speaking ethnic group who unified other Jurchen tribes to form a new "Manchu" ethnic identity. The dynasty was officially proclaimed in 1636 in Manchuria (modern-day Northeast China and Outer Manchuria). It seized control of Beijing in 1644, then later expanded its rule over the whole of China proper and Taiwan, and finally expanded into Inner Asia. The dynasty lasted until 1912 when it was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. In orthodox Chinese historiography, the Qing dynastywas preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The multiethnic Qing dynasty lasted for almost three centuries and assembled the territorial base for modern China. It was the largest imperial dynasty in the history of China and in 1790 the fourth-largest empire in world history in terms of territorial size. With 419,264,000 citizens in 1907, it was the world's most populous country at the time.