2021 PTuningV2PromptTuningCanBeCompa

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Subject Headings: LLM Prompt Tuning.

Notes

  • It was followed by this paper: (Liu, Ji et al., 2022).
  • It provides insights into Natural Language Understanding (NLU) and Language Model Tuning, focusing on Prompt Tuning, a method that tunes continuous prompts while keeping the Language Model frozen, reducing storage and memory usage.
  • It addresses the limitations of previous Prompt Tuning methods, which underperformed for normal-sized Pretrained Models and struggled with hard sequence labeling tasks, such as Extractive Question Answering and Named Entity Recognition (NER).
  • It introduces P-Tuning v2, an optimized form of Deep Prompt Tuning, adapted for NLU tasks, demonstrating effectiveness across various model scales and NLU tasks.
  • It highlights that P-Tuning v2 matches the performance of Fine-Tuning while requiring significantly fewer tuned parameters, offering an efficient alternative in terms of parameter tuning and resource utilization.
  • It emphasizes the universal effectiveness of P-Tuning v2 across different model scales and NLU tasks, improving upon previous methods, particularly in smaller and challenging models.
  • It details critical aspects of optimization and implementation, including the use of continuous prompts in every layer of the Pretrained Model, varying prompt lengths for different tasks, and applying a classification head for sequence labeling tasks.
  • It presents experimental results showing that P-Tuning v2 matches or surpasses Fine-Tuning performance across different models (from 300M to 10B parameters) and on various NLU tasks, including challenging sequence tagging tasks.
  • It posits P-Tuning v2 as a strong alternative to Fine-Tuning and a baseline for future research in NLU and Language Model Tuning.
  • In the context of sequence tagging tasks, it explores:
    • Named Entity Recognition (NER): Utilizing datasets like CoNLL03, OntoNotes 5.0, and CoNLL04, the model is trained on standard train-develop-test splits, labeled in IOB2 format, to mark entities within a text.
    • Extractive Question Answering: Using SQuAD versions 1.1 and 2.0, the task involves classifying tokens in a context given a question to extract the answer, with labels like ‘start’ or ‘end’ assigned to each token.
    • Semantic Role Labeling (SRL): Evaluated on CoNLL05 and CoNLL12 datasets, this involves assigning semantic roles to words or phrases in a sentence, with the target verb token added to the end of each sentence for verb recognition.

Cited By

Quotes

Abstract

Prompt tuning, which only tunes continuous prompts with a frozen language model, substantially reduces per-task storage and memory usage at training. However, in the context of NLU, prior work reveals that prompt tuning does not perform well for normal-sized pretrained models. We also find that existing methods of prompt tuning cannot handle hard sequence labeling tasks, indicating a lack of universality. We present a novel empirical finding that properly optimized prompt tuning can be universally effective across a wide range of model scales and NLU tasks. It matches the performance of finetuning while having only 0.1%-3% tuned parameters. Our method P-Tuning v2 is an implementation of Deep Prompt Tuning (Li and Liang, 2021; Qin and Eisner, 2021) optimized and adapted for NLU. Given the universality and simplicity of P-Tuning v2, we believe it can serve as an alternative to finetuning and a strong baseline for future research.Our code and data are released at this https URL.

5 Conclusions

We present P-tuning v2, a prompt tuning method. Despite its relatively limited technical novelty, it contributes to a novel finding that prompt tuning can be comparable to fine-tuning universally across scales (from 330M to 10B parameters) and tasks. With high accuracy and parameter efficiency, P- Tuning v2 can be a potential alternative for fine- tuning and a strong baseline for future work.


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 AuthorvolumeDate ValuetitletypejournaltitleUrldoinoteyear
2021 PTuningV2PromptTuningCanBeCompaJie Tang
Zhilin Yang
Xiao Liu
Kaixuan Ji
Yicheng Fu
Zhengxiao Du
Weng Lam Tam		P-tuning V2: Prompt Tuning Can Be Comparable to Fine-tuning Universally Across Scales and Tasks10.48550/arXiv.2110.076022021
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