Hydrogen Molecule
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A Hydrogen Molecule is a Homonuclear Molecule that is formed by Hydrogen Atoms.
- AKA: Hydrogen Gas.
- Example(s):
- Counter-Example(s):
- See: Molecule, Chemical Compound.
References
2017
- (Wikipedia, 2017) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen#Elemental_molecular_forms Retrieved:2017-7-10.
- There exist two different spin isomers of hydrogen diatomic molecules that differ by the relative spin of their nuclei.[1] In the orthohydrogen form, the spins of the two protons are parallel and form a triplet state with a molecular spin quantum number of 1 (+); in the parahydrogen form the spins are antiparallel and form a singlet with a molecular spin quantum number of 0 (–). At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen gas contains about 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form, also known as the "normal form".[2] The equilibrium ratio of orthohydrogen to parahydrogen depends on temperature, but because the ortho form is an excited state and has a higher energy than the para form, it is unstable and cannot be purified. At very low temperatures, the equilibrium state is composed almost exclusively of the para form. The liquid and gas phase thermal properties of pure parahydrogen differ significantly from those of the normal form because of differences in rotational heat capacities, as discussed more fully in spin isomers of hydrogen.[3] The ortho/para distinction also occurs in other hydrogen-containing molecules or functional groups, such as water and methylene, but is of little significance for their thermal properties. The uncatalyzed interconversion between para and ortho H2 increases with increasing temperature; thus rapidly condensed H2 contains large quantities of the high-energy ortho form that converts to the para form very slowly. The ortho/para ratio in condensed H2 is an important consideration in the preparation and storage of liquid hydrogen: the conversion from ortho to para is exothermic and produces enough heat to evaporate some of the hydrogen liquid, leading to loss of liquefied material. Catalysts for the ortho-para interconversion, such as ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel[4] compounds, are used during hydrogen cooling.[5]
- ↑ Staff (2003). "Hydrogen (H2) Properties, Uses, Applications: Hydrogen Gas and Liquid Hydrogen". Universal Industrial Gases, Inc. Retrieved 5 February 2008.
- ↑ Tikhonov, V. I.; Volkov, A. A. (2002). “Separation of Water into Its Ortho and Para Isomers". Science. 296 (5577): 2363. PMID 12089435. doi:10.1126/science.1069513.
- ↑ Hritz, J. (March 2006). "CH. 6 – Hydrogen" (PDF). NASA Glenn Research Center Glenn Safety Manual, Document GRC-MQSA.001. NASA. Retrieved 5 February 2008.
- ↑ Amos, Wade A. (1 November 1998). “Costs of Storing and Transporting Hydrogen" (PDF). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. pp. 6–9. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ↑ Svadlenak, R. E.; Scott, A. B. (1957). “The Conversion of Ortho- to Parahydrogen on Iron Oxide-Zinc Oxide Catalysts". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 79 (20): 5385–5388. doi:10.1021/ja01577a013.