GLP1
A GLP1 is a Peptide Hormone that ...
- AKA: Glucagon-Like Peptide-1.
- See: Hypoglycemia, Peptide Hormone, Proglucagon, Enteroendocrine Cell, Solitary Nucleus, Amidation, Proteolytic Cleavage, Protein Secondary Structure, α-Helices, Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide, Incretin, Blood Sugar Levels.
References
2024
- (Wikipedia, 2024) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1 Retrieved:2024-5-21.
- Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a 30- or 31-amino-acid-long peptide hormone deriving from the tissue-specific posttranslational processing of the proglucagon peptide. It is produced and secreted by intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells and certain neurons within the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brainstem upon food consumption. The initial product GLP-1 (1–37) is susceptible to amidation and proteolytic cleavage, which gives rise to the two truncated and equipotent biologically active forms, GLP-1 (7–36) amide and GLP-1 (7–37). Active GLP-1 protein secondary structure includes two α-helices from amino acid position 13–20 and 24–35 separated by a linker region.
Alongside glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), GLP-1 is an incretin; thus, it has the ability to decrease blood sugar levels in a glucose-dependent manner by enhancing the secretion of insulin. Beside the insulinotropic effects, GLP-1 has been associated with numerous regulatory and protective effects. Unlike GIP, the action of GLP-1 is preserved in patients with type 2 diabetes. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists gained approval as drugs to treat diabetes and obesity starting in the 2000s.
Endogenous GLP-1 is rapidly degraded primarily by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), as well as neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP 24.11) and renal clearance, resulting in a half-life of approximately 2 minutes. Consequently, only 10–15 % of GLP-1 reaches circulation intact, leading to fasting plasma levels of only 0–15 pmol/L. To overcome this, GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors have been developed to increase GLP-1 activity. As opposed to common treatment agents such as insulin and sulphonylurea, GLP-1-based treatment has been associated with weight loss and a lower risk of hypoglycemia, two important considerations for patients with type 2 diabetes.
- Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a 30- or 31-amino-acid-long peptide hormone deriving from the tissue-specific posttranslational processing of the proglucagon peptide. It is produced and secreted by intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells and certain neurons within the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brainstem upon food consumption. The initial product GLP-1 (1–37) is susceptible to amidation and proteolytic cleavage, which gives rise to the two truncated and equipotent biologically active forms, GLP-1 (7–36) amide and GLP-1 (7–37). Active GLP-1 protein secondary structure includes two α-helices from amino acid position 13–20 and 24–35 separated by a linker region.
2024
- perpepixity
++ Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone produced by the intestinal L-cells in response to food intake. There are two main biologically active forms of GLP-1:
1. GLP-1 (7-36) amide: This is the predominant form, constituting over 80% of circulating GLP-1 in humans. It is produced by the cleavage and amidation of the initial GLP-1 (1-37) product.[1][2]
2. GLP-1 (7-37): This form is equipotent to GLP-1 (7-36) amide but makes up a smaller proportion of circulating GLP-1.[1][2]
Both these forms are rapidly degraded by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), resulting in a very short half-life of around 2 minutes.[1][2] To overcome this, GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., liraglutide, semaglutide) and DPP-4 inhibitors have been developed as therapeutic agents for diabetes and obesity.[1][2]
In summary, the two main biologically active forms of the GLP-1 hormone are GLP-1 (7-36) amide and GLP-1 (7-37), with the former being the predominant circulating form in humans.[1][2]
Citations: [1] Glucagon-like peptide 1 - You and Your Hormones https://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/glucagon-like-peptide-1/ [2] Glucagon-like peptide-1 - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1 [3] Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Secretion by the L-Cell | Diabetes https://diabetesjournals.org/diabetes/article/55/Supplement_2/S70/12058/Glucagon-Like-Peptide-1-Secretion-by-the-L-CellThe [4] Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1): a potent gut hormone with a ... https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9840447/ [5] GLP-1 Agonists - Cleveland Clinic https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/13901-glp-1-agonists