Cirrhosis
A Cirrhosis is a liver disease caused by the formation of scar tissue known as fibrosis.
- AKA: Liver Cirrhosis, Hepatic Cirrhosis, End-Stage Liver Disease.
- Example(s):
- …
- Counter-Example(s):
- See: Caput Medusae, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Fatigue, Pruritus, Peripheral Edema, Jaundice, Bacterial Peritonitis, Hepatic Encephalopathy.
References
2022
- (Wikipedia, 2022) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cirrhosis Retrieved:2022-3-1.
- Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis or hepatic cirrhosis, and end-stage liver disease, is the impaired liver function caused by the formation of scar tissue known as fibrosis due to damage caused by liver disease.[1] Damage causes tissue repair and subsequent formation of scar tissue, which over time can replace normal functioning tissue, leading to the impaired liver function of cirrhosis.[1] Dooley JS, Lok AS, Garcia-Tsao G, Pinzani M (8 June 2018). Sherlock's diseases of the liver and biliary system (13th ed.). Hoboken, NJ. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-119-23756-3. OCLC 1019837000.</ref> The disease typically develops slowly over months or years.[2] Early symptoms may include tiredness, weakness, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, nausea and vomiting, and discomfort in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.[3] As the disease worsens, symptoms may include itchiness, swelling in the lower legs, fluid build-up in the abdomen, jaundice, bruising easily, and the development of spider-like blood vessels in the skin.[3] The fluid build-up in the abdomen may become spontaneously infected. More serious complications include hepatic encephalopathy, bleeding from dilated veins in the esophagus, stomach, or intestines, and liver cancer.[4]
Cirrhosis is most commonly caused by alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) – (the progressive form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease),[5] chronic hepatitis B, and chronic hepatitis C.[3][6] Heavy drinking over a number of years can cause alcoholic liver disease.[7] NASH has a number of causes, including obesity, high blood pressure, abnormal levels of cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.[8] Less common causes of cirrhosis include autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis that disrupts bile duct function, genetic disorders such as Wilson's disease and hereditary hemochromatosis, and chronic heart failure with liver congestion.[3]
Diagnosis is based on blood tests, medical imaging, and liver biopsy.[9]
Hepatitis B vaccine can prevent hepatitis B and the development of cirrhosis, but no vaccination against hepatitis C is available. No specific treatment for cirrhosis is known, but many of the underlying causes may be treated by a number of medications that may slow or prevent worsening of the condition.[10] Avoiding alcohol is recommended in all cases. Hepatitis B and C may be treatable with antiviral medications. Autoimmune hepatitis may be treated with steroid medications. Ursodiol may be useful if the disease is due to blockage of the bile duct. Other medications may be useful for complications such as abdominal or leg swelling, hepatic encephalopathy, and dilated esophageal veins. If cirrhosis leads to liver failure, a liver transplant may be an option.[8]
Cirrhosis affected about 2.8 million people and resulted in 1.3 million deaths in 2015.[11] [12] Of these deaths, alcohol caused 348,000, hepatitis C caused 326,000, and hepatitis B caused 371,000. In the United States, more men die of cirrhosis than women. The first known description of the condition is by Hippocrates in the fifth century BCE. The term "cirrhosis" was derived in 1819 from the Greek word “kirrhos,” which describes the yellowish color of a diseased liver.[13]
- Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis or hepatic cirrhosis, and end-stage liver disease, is the impaired liver function caused by the formation of scar tissue known as fibrosis due to damage caused by liver disease.[1] Damage causes tissue repair and subsequent formation of scar tissue, which over time can replace normal functioning tissue, leading to the impaired liver function of cirrhosis.[1] Dooley JS, Lok AS, Garcia-Tsao G, Pinzani M (8 June 2018). Sherlock's diseases of the liver and biliary system (13th ed.). Hoboken, NJ. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-119-23756-3. OCLC 1019837000.</ref> The disease typically develops slowly over months or years.[2] Early symptoms may include tiredness, weakness, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, nausea and vomiting, and discomfort in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.[3] As the disease worsens, symptoms may include itchiness, swelling in the lower legs, fluid build-up in the abdomen, jaundice, bruising easily, and the development of spider-like blood vessels in the skin.[3] The fluid build-up in the abdomen may become spontaneously infected. More serious complications include hepatic encephalopathy, bleeding from dilated veins in the esophagus, stomach, or intestines, and liver cancer.[4]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Cirrhosis". nhs.uk. 29 June 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
- ↑ "Cirrhosis". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. April 23, 2014. Archived from the original on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Symptoms & Causes of Cirrhosis | NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
- ↑ ["https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/cirrhosis/definition-facts Definition & Facts for Cirrhosis | NIDDK"]. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Archived from the original on 2021-03-11. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
- ↑ Castera L, Friedrich-Rust M, Loomba R (April 2019). "Noninvasive Assessment of Liver Disease in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease". Gastroenterology. 156 (5): 1264–1281.e4. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.12.036. PMC 7505052. PMID 30660725.
- ↑ Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–171. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
- ↑ "Alcoholic liver disease". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2019-05-27. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Definition & Facts of NAFLD & NASH | NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ↑ Ferri FF (2019). Ferri's clinical advisor 2019 : 5 books in 1. Philadelphia, PA. pp. 337–339. ISBN 9780323530422.
- ↑ "Treatment for Cirrhosis | NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ↑ Vos, Theo; et al. (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
- ↑ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
- ↑ Roguin A (September 2006). "Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781-1826): the man behind the stethoscope". Clinical Medicine & Research. 4 (3): 230–235. doi:10.3121/cmr.4.3.230. PMC 1570491. PMID 17048358.