Canada (1867-present)

A Canada (1867-present) is a North American federal state located between 41° N and 83° N latitude.

• Context:
  • It can (typically) have a Canada Population, of Canadian citizens (living in Canada households).
  • It can (typically) have a Canada Government, with a Canada political system (composed of a Canada federal system, Canada parliamentary model, and Canada provincial legislatures).
  • It can (typically) have a Canada Legal System, with a Canada justice system (based on common law, civil law, and indigenous law).
  • It can (typically) have a Canada Economy, with a Canada economic system (with Canada businesses and Canada labor market).
  • It can (typically) have a Canada Military, with Canada armed forces (including Canada army, Canada navy, Canada air force, and Canada special forces).
  • It can (often) have a Canada Geography (spanning ten provinces and territories).
  • It can (often) have a Canada Infrastructure (including transport networks and urban systems).
  • It can (often) have a Canada Culture (with multicultural heritage and bilingual institutions).
  • It can (often) have a Canada Climate (ranging from temperate zone to arctic conditions).
  • ...
  • It can have succeeded British North America (1763-1867), and New France (1534-1763).
  • It can serve as a Constitutional Monarchy with Westminster system (after 1867).
  • It can feature Economic Development based on natural resources, international trade, and advanced economy (after 1945).
  • It can function as a Global Power with G7 membership, NATO alliance, and international institutions (after 1945).
  • It can maintain federal democracy with official bilingualism (after 1969).
  • ...
• Example(s):
  • Canada (1867), Confederation of first four provinces with 3.4 million population.
  • Canada (1871), British Columbia joins confederation.
  • Canada (1885), completion of Canadian Pacific Railway.
  • Canada (1917), women gain federal voting rights, population 8.0 million.
  • Canada (1931), gaining autonomy through Statute of Westminster, population 10.4 million.
  • Canada (1965), adoption of Maple Leaf Flag.
  • Canada (1982), Constitution patriation with Charter of Rights, population 25.1 million.
  • Canada (2020), population reaches 37.6 million.
  • Canada (2023), population approximately 40.1 million.
  • ...
• Counter-Example(s):
  • United States, neighboring federation with different political system.
  • Mexico, North American state with different development path.
  • Russia, northern state with different governance model.
  • Australia, Commonwealth realm with different geographic location.
  • Brazil, federal state with different colonial heritage.
• See: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, O Canada, Ottawa, Toronto, Vancouver, Quebecois, Indigenous Languages, Canadian Charter, Provinces of Canada, Canadian Parliament.

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References

2020

• (Wikipedia, 2020) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada Retrieved:2020-3-8.
  • Canada is a country in the northern part of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering , making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Its southern border with the United States, stretching some , is the world's longest bi-national land border. Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.

    As a whole, Canada is sparsely populated, with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra. Its population is highly urbanized, with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, and 70 percent residing within of the southern border. Canada's climate varies widely across its vast area, ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions, with four distinct seasons.

    Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization. Beginning in the 16th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast. As a consequence of various armed conflicts, France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom. This widening autonomy was highlighted by the Statute of Westminster of 1931 and culminated in the Canada Act of 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament.

    Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy in the Westminster tradition, with a monarch and a prime minister who serves as the chair of the Cabinet and head of government. The country is a realm within the Commonwealth of Nations, a member of the Francophonie and officially bilingual at the federal level. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, and education. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Canada's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture.

    A developed country, Canada has the sixteenth-highest nominal per-capita income globally as well as the twelfth-highest ranking in the Human Development Index. Its advanced economy is the tenth-largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks. Canada is part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings including the United Nations, NATO, the G7, the Group of Ten, the G20, the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.

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