Part-of-Speech Category
A Part-of-Speech Category is a word class that is based on a word's syntactic behavior.
- AKA: Lexical Class, Grammatical Category, POS Role, Pre-Terminal Symbol, Syntactic Category Label, Part-of-Speech Class, Lexical Symbol.
- Context:
- It can be associated to a Part-of-Speech Tag (e.g. N, V, Adj).
- It can be Recognized by a Part-of-Speech Tagging System (that solves a part-of-speech tagging task).
- It can be a Non-Terminal Symbol in a Natural Language Syntax and be in the Left-Hand Side of a Production Rule in a Lexicalized Grammar.
- Example(s):
- English Language:
- Noun/(NN),
- Adjective/(JJ),
- Verb/(VB, VBP, VBZ)
- Adverb/Adv,
- Preposition/(PP),
- Conjunction,
- Pronoun.
- Interjection.
- Participle.
- It can be:
- It can be:
- ?? Prefix / Combining Form (See: OED)
- ?? Suffix (See: OED).
- …
- English Language:
- Counter-Example(s):
- See: Penn Treebank Project, Phrasal Category.
References
2015
- (Wikipedia, 2015) ⇒ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech Retrieved:2015-4-12.
- A 'part of speech is a category of words (or, more generally, of lexical items) which have similar grammatical properties. Words that are assigned to the same part of speech generally display similar behavior in terms of syntax – they play similar roles within the grammatical structure of sentences – and sometimes in terms of morphology, in that they undergo inflection for similar properties. Commonly listed English parts of speech are noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, interjection, and sometimes article or determiner.
A part of speech – particularly in more modern classifications, which often make more precise distinctions than the traditional scheme does – may also be called a word class, lexical class, or lexical category, although the term lexical category refers in some contexts to a particular type of syntactic category, and may thus exclude parts of speech that are considered to be functional, such as pronouns. The term form class is also used, although this has various conflicting definitions. [1] Word classes may be classified as open or closed: open classes (like nouns, verbs and adjectives) acquire new members constantly, while closed classes (such as pronouns and conjunctions) acquire new members infrequently, if at all. Almost all languages have the word classes noun and verb, but beyond these there are significant variations in different languages.[2] For example, Japanese has as many as three classes of adjectives where English has one; Chinese, Korean and Japanese have a class of nominal classifiers; many languages lack a distinction between adjectives and adverbs, or between adjectives and verbs (see stative verbs). This variation in the number of categories and their identifying properties means that analysis needs to be done for each individual language. Nevertheless, the labels for each category are assigned on the basis of universal criteria.
- A 'part of speech is a category of words (or, more generally, of lexical items) which have similar grammatical properties. Words that are assigned to the same part of speech generally display similar behavior in terms of syntax – they play similar roles within the grammatical structure of sentences – and sometimes in terms of morphology, in that they undergo inflection for similar properties. Commonly listed English parts of speech are noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, interjection, and sometimes article or determiner.
- ↑ John Lyons, Semantics, CUP 1977, p. 424.
- ↑ Paul Kroeger (2005). Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-521-01653-7.
2014
- (Wiktionary, 2014) ⇒ http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lexical_category#Noun
- QUOTE: A linguistic category of words (or more precisely lexical items), generally defined by the syntactic or morphological behaviour of the lexical item in question, such as noun or verb.
2013
- http://www-01.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsALexicalCategory.htm
- QUOTE: A lexical category is a syntactic category for elements that are part of the lexicon of a language. These elements are at the word level.
Also known as: part of speech; word class; grammatical category; grammatical class.
- QUOTE: A lexical category is a syntactic category for elements that are part of the lexicon of a language. These elements are at the word level.
2010a
- (Wilson, 2010) ⇒ http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~billw/nlpdict.html#lexicat
- QUOTE: Synonymous with part-of-speech (POS). Also called a pre-terminal symbol. A kind of non-terminal symbol of a grammar - a non-terminal is a lexical symbol if it can appear in a lexical insertion rule. Examples are N, V, ADJ, PREP, INTERJ, ADV. Non-examples include NP, VP, PP and S (these are non-terminals). The term lexical category signifies the collection of all words that belong to a particular lexical symbol, for example, the collection of all Nouns or the collection of all ADJectives.
Contrast with phrasal category.
- QUOTE: Synonymous with part-of-speech (POS). Also called a pre-terminal symbol. A kind of non-terminal symbol of a grammar - a non-terminal is a lexical symbol if it can appear in a lexical insertion rule. Examples are N, V, ADJ, PREP, INTERJ, ADV. Non-examples include NP, VP, PP and S (these are non-terminals). The term lexical category signifies the collection of all words that belong to a particular lexical symbol, for example, the collection of all Nouns or the collection of all ADJectives.
2010b
- (Wilson, 2010) ⇒ http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~billw/nlpdict.html#lexsymbol
- QUOTE: … The term lexical category signifies the collection of all words that belong to a particular lexical symbol, for example, the collection of all Nouns or the collection of all ADJectives.
2009
- http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn
- QUOTE: one of the traditional categories of words intended to reflect their functions in a grammatical context
2007
- (Shorter OED, 2007) ⇒ Oxford University Press. (2007). “Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 6th edition.
- QUOTE: A part of speech is given for all entries, except letter entries. … All the parts of speech of a headword are listed at the beginning of an entry. Sometimes parts of speech are treated together, but more often they are in separate sections in which case each section is head with a capital initial followed by he part(s) of speech being treated in that section, e.g. A noun, B adjective.
1999
- (Manning and Schütze, 1999) ⇒ Christopher D. Manning and Hinrich Schütze. (1999). “Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing." The MIT Press.
- QUOTE: Linguists group the words of a language into classes (sets) which show similar syntactic behavior, and often a typical semantic type. These words classes are otherwise called syntactic or grammatical categories, but more commonly still by the traditional name parts of speech (POS).
1996
- (Sproat et al, 1996) ⇒ Richard Sproat, William A. Gale, Chilin Shih, and Nancy Chang. (1996). “A Stochastic Finite-state Word-Segmentation Algorithm for Chinese.” In: Computational Linguistics, 22(3).
- QUOTE: Given that part-of-speech labels are properties of words rather than morphemes, it follows that one cannot do part-of-speech assignment without having access to word-boundary information.
1993
- (Jones & Smith, 1993) ⇒ Susan S. Jones, and Linda B. Smith. (1993). “The Place of Perception in Children's Concepts." Cognitive Development 8, no. 2
- QUOTE: … not compelling. We then turn to research on children's lexical category formation, which highlights multidirectional interactions between perception, language, and other kinds of knowledge, in specific contexts.