View source for Generalized Additive Model (GAM) Fitting Algorithm

A [[Generalized Additive Model (GAM) Fitting Algorithm]] is an [[additive model algorithm]] that properties of [[Generalized Linear Model|generalized linear model]]s with [[Additive Model|additive model]]s.
* <B>Context:</B>
** It can (typically) specify a [[Distribution Function]], a [[Link Function]], and ...
* <B>Example(s):</B>
** one proposed in ([[Hastie & Tibshirani, 1986]]).
* <B>See:</B> [[Naive Bayes]], [[Nonparametric Regression]], [[Generalized Linear Model]], [[Smooth Function]], [[Backfitting Algorithm]], [[Smoothing Spline]], [[REML]], [[Markov Random Field]], [[Empirical Bayes Method]].
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==References==

=== 2017 ===
* (Wikipedia, 2017) &rArr; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_additive_model Retrieved:2017-10-17.
** In [[statistics]], a '''generalized additive model (GAM)''' is a [[generalized linear model]] in which the linear predictor depends linearly on unknown [[smooth function]]s of some predictor variables, and interest focuses on inference about these smooth functions. 	<P>	 GAMs were originally developed by [[Trevor Hastie]] and [[Robert Tibshirani]]<ref name=Hastie1990></ref> to blend properties of [[generalized linear model]]s with [[additive model]]s. 	<P>	 The model relates a univariate response variable, ''Y'', to some predictor variables, ''x''<sub>''i''</sub>. An [[exponential family]] distribution is specified for Y (for example [[normal distribution|normal]], [[binomial distribution|binomial]] or [[Poisson distribution|Poisson]] distributions) along with a [[link function]] ''g'' (for example the identity or log functions) relating the expected value of ''Y'' to the predictor variables via a structure such as : <math> g(\operatorname{E}(Y))=\beta_0 + f_1(x_1) + f_2(x_2)+ \cdots + f_m(x_m).\,\! </math> The functions ''f''<sub>''i''</sub> may be functions with a specified parametric form (for example a polynomial, or an un-penalized regression spline of a variable) or may be specified non-parametrically, or semi-parametrically, simply as 'smooth functions', to be estimated by [[Nonparametric regression|non-parametric means]]. So a typical GAM might use a scatterplot smoothing function, such as a locally weighted mean, for ''f''<sub>1</sub>(''x''<sub>1</sub>), and then use a factor model for ''f''<sub>2</sub>(''x''<sub>2</sub>). This flexibility to allow non-parametric fits with relaxed assumptions on the actual relationship between response and predictor, provides the potential for better fits to data than purely parametric models, but arguably with some loss of interpretability.
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=== 2017b ===
* (Wikipedia, 2017) &rArr; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_additive_model#GAM_fitting_methods Retrieved:2017-10-17.
** The original GAM fitting method estimated the smooth components of the model using non-parametric smoothers (for example smoothing splines or local linear regression smoothers) via the [[backfitting algorithm]]<ref name=Hastie1990 />. Backfitting works by iterative smoothing of partial residuals and provides a very general modular estimation method capable of using a wide variety of smoothing methods to estimate the <math> f_j(x_j) </math> terms. A disadvantage of backfitting is that it is difficult to integrate with the estimation of the degree of smoothness of the model terms, so that in practice the user must set these, or select between a modest set of pre-defined smoothing levels. 	<P>	 If the <math> f_j(x_j) </math> are represented using [[smoothing spline]]s<ref name=Wahba1990></ref> then the degree of smoothness can be estimated as part of model fitting using generalized cross validation, or by [[REML]] (sometimes known as 'GML') which exploits the duality between spline smoothers and Gaussian random effects <ref name=Gu1991></ref> . This full spline approach carries an <math> O(n^3) </math> computational cost, where <math> n </math> is the number of observations for the response variable, rendering it somewhat impractical for moderately large datasets. More recent methods have addressed this computational cost either by up front reduction of the size of the basis used for smoothing (rank reduction)<ref name=Wood2000></ref> <ref name=Fahrmeier2001></ref> 	<P>	 <ref name=kim2004></ref> 	<P>	 <ref name=Wood2017></ref> <ref name=Ruppert2003> 	<P>	 </ref> or by finding sparse representations of the smooths using [[Markov random field]]s, which are amenable to the use of [[sparse matrix]] methods for computation <ref name=Rue2009></ref> . These more computationally efficient methods use GCV (or AIC or similar) or REML or take a fully Bayesian approach for inference about the degree of smoothness of the model components. Estimating the degree of smoothness via REML can be viewed as an [[empirical Bayes method]]. 	<P>	 An alternative approach with particular advantages in high dimensional settings is to use [[boosting (machine learning)]], although this typically requires bootstrapping for uncertainty quantification<ref name=mboost></ref> 	<P>	 <ref name=mayr2012></ref> .
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=== 2009 ===
* (Wikipedia, 2009) &rArr; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_additive_model
** In [[Statistics]], the '''generalized additive model</B> (or '''GAM</B>) is a [[Statistical Model|statistical model]] developed by [[Trevor Hastie]] and [[Rob Tibshirani]] for blending properties of [[Generalized Linear Model|generalized linear model]]s with [[Additive Model|additive model]]s. <P> The model specifies a distribution (such as a [[normal distribution]], or a [[Binomial Distribution|binomial distribution]]) and a link function $g$ relating the expected value of the distribution to the predictors, and attempts to fit functions ''f<sub>i</sub>(x<sub>i</sub>)'' to satisfy:
*** g(\operatorname{E}(Y))=\beta_0 + f_1(x_1) + f_2(x_2)+ … + f_m(x_m).\,\!
** The functions ''f<sub>i</sub>(x<sub>i</sub>)'' may be fit using parametric or [[Nonparametric Regression|non-parametric means]], thus providing the potential for better fits to data than other methods. The method hence is very general - a typical GAM might use a scatterplot smoothing function such as a locally weighted mean for ''f<sub>1</sub>(x<sub>1</sub>)'', and then use a factor model for ''f<sub>2</sub>(x<sub>2</sub>)''. By allowing nonparametric fits, well designed GAMs allow good fits to the [[training data]] with relaxed assumptions on the actual relationship, perhaps at the expense of interpretability of results. <P> Overfitting can be a problem with GAMs. The number of smoothing parameters can be specified, and this number should be reasonably small, certainly well under the [[degrees of freedom (statistics)|degrees of freedom]] offered by the data. [[Cross-validation (statistics)|Cross-validation]] can be used to detect and/or reduce overfitting problems with GAMs (or other statistical methods). Other models such as [[Generalized Linear Model|GLMs]] may be preferable to GAMs unless GAMs improve predictive ability substantially for the application in question.

=== 2005===
* ([[2005_TrevorHastie_Bio|Hastie, 2005]]) &rArr; [[Trevor Hastie]], ([[2005]]). http://www-stat.stanford.edu/brochure/part4.html#hastie
** [[Generalized additive model]]s adapt [[nonparametric regression technology]] to provide more flexibility to the usual [[linear models]] used in applied areas, such as [[logistic regression|logistic]] and [[log-linear model]]s. [[Principal curves] and surfaces generalize [[linear principal components]] by allowing [[nonlinear coordinate function]]s.

=== 2004===
* ([[2004_TheTradeOffBetweenGenAndDiscrClassifiers|Bouchard & Triggs, 2004]]) ⇒ [[Guillaume Bouchard]], and Bill Triggs. (2004). "[http://lear.inrialpes.fr/pubs/2004/BT04/Bouchard-compstat04.pdf The Trade-off Between Generative and Discriminative Classifiers]." In: Proceedings of COMPSTAT 2004.
** QUOTE: 
*** In supervised classification, inputs <math>x</math> and their labels <math>y</math> arise from an unknown joint probability ''p''(''x''; ''y''). If we can approximate ''p''(''x'',''y'') using a parametric family of models <math>G</math> = {''p</i><sub>θ</sub>(''x'',''y''),''θ'' in Θ}, then a natural classifier is obtained by first estimating the class-conditional densities, then classifying each new data point to the class with highest posterior probability. This approach is called ''generative'' classification.
*** However, if the overall goal is to find the classification rule with the smallest error rate, this depends only on the conditional density <math>p(y \vert x)</math>. Discriminative methods directly model the conditional distribution, without assuming anything about the input distribution p(x). Well known generative-discriminative pairs include Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) vs. Linear logistic regression and naive Bayes vs. Generalized Additive Models (GAM). Many authors have already studied these models e.g. [5,6]. Under the assumption that the underlying distributions are Gaussian with equal covariances, it is known that LDA requires less data than its discriminative counterpart, linear logistic regression [3]. More generally, it is known that generative classifiers have a smaller variance than.
*** Conversely, the generative approach converges to the best model for the [[joint distribution]] ''p''(''x'',''y'') but the resulting conditional density is usually a biased classifier unless its ''p</i><sub>θ</sub>(''x'') part is an accurate model for ''p''(''x''). In real world problems the assumed generative model is rarely exact, and asymptotically, a discriminative classifier should typically be preferred [9, 5]. The key argument is that the discriminative estimator converges to the conditional density that [[minimize]]s the [[negative log-likelihood classification loss]] against the true density p(x, y) [2]. For finite [[sample size]]s, there is a [[bias-variance tradeoff]] and it is less obvious how to choose between generative and discriminative classifiers.

=== 2006===
* ([[Wood, 2006]]) &rArr; S. N. Wood. ([[2006]]). “Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R.</i>" Chapman & Hall/CRC. ISBN:9781584884743.

=== 1990 ===
* ([[Hastie & Tibshirani, 1990]]) &rArr; [[Trevor Hastie]], and [[Robert Tibshirani]]. (1990). "[http://books.google.com/books?id=qa29r1Ze1coC Generalized Additive Models]." CRC Press. ISBN:0412343908

=== 1986===
* ([[Hastie & Tibshirani, 1986]]) &rArr; [[Trevor Hastie]], and [[Robert Tibshirani]]. (1986). "[http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~hastie/Papers/gam.pdf Generalized Additive Models (with discussion)]." In: Statistical Science, 1(3).

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