Genotype

A Genotype is a DNA sequence record within an organism's DNA sequence.

• Context:
  • …
• Example(s):
  • a Petal Color Genotype (for petal color of a pea plant).
  • an Eye Color Genotype (for eye color).
  • a Stature Genotype (for stature).
  • a Medical Genotype (for Multiple Sclerosis).
  • …
• Counter-Example(s):
  • a Phenotype.
• See: Genetics, Cell (Biology), Epigenetic, DNA.

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References

2021

• (Wikipedia, 2021) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/genotype Retrieved:2021-11-2.
  • The genotype of an organism is its complete set of genetic material. However, the term is often used to refer to a single gene or set of genes, such as the genotype for eye color. The genes partly determine the observable characteristics of an organism (its phenotype), such as hair color, height, etc. An example of a characteristic determined by a genotype is the petal color in a pea plant. The collection of all genetic possibilities for a single trait are called alleles; two alleles for petal color are purple and white. The genotype is one of three factors that determine phenotype. The other two are the environmental (not inherited) and the epigenetic (inherited) factors. Not all individuals with the same genotype look or act the same way because appearance and behavior are modified by environmental and growing conditions. Likewise, not all organisms that look alike necessarily have the same genotype. One would typically refer to an individual's genotype with regard to a particular gene of interest and the combination of alleles the individual carries (see homozygous, heterozygous). Genotypes are often denoted with letters, for example Bb, where B stands for one allele and b for another. Somatic mutations that are acquired rather than inherited, such as those in cancers, are not part of the individual's genotype. Hence, scientists and physicians sometimes refer to the genotype of a particular cancer, that is, of the disease as distinct from the diseased. The term genotype was coined by the Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen in 1903.

2015

• http://bioinfo.cs.technion.ac.il/projects/Anvar-Tzur/website/genotype_data.html
  • QUOTE: Genotype data holds information about each marker:
    • ID number (or, RS number): unique marker identifier
    • Position in the genome: chromosome number, physical and genetic positions
    • Alleles: each marker can have as many alleles as it have, and the frequency of each allele. The alleles can be SNPs (the DNA bases, A/C/G/T), VNTR numbers, or other types of alleles. They must be either A/C/G/T or an integer number.
      • The alleles’ information can be set for any number of populations, and in that case and with dependence on the population creation scenario, the created populations may have genomes which are a mix of genomes from the populations. Meaning, each population has a different set of probabilities for each allele.
      • For example, say we have a SNP with 2 possible alleles: T and G. in population A the frequency of allele T is 0.9 and G has 0.1 frequency, while in population B the frequency of allele T is 0.3 and the frequency of allele G is 0.7. Instead T and G we can define the alleles as 12 VNTRs (variable number tandem repeats) and 3.

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