Text Error

A Text Error is an error in text item.

• Context:
  • It can range from being a Character-Level Text Error, to being a Word-Level Text Error, to being a Sentence-Level Text Error, to being a Context-Level Text Error.
  • It can range from being a Simple Text Error to being a Complex Text Error.
  • It can range from being an Extra-Character Error to being a Missing-Character Error (to being a Character Substitution Error).
  • It can be detected by a Text Error Detection System (that solves a text error detection task).
  • It can be corrected by a Text Error Correction System (that solves a text error correction task).
• Example(s):
  • an Character-Level Text Error such as:
    • a Typographical Error: “Fat-finger errors are a prodcut of the electronic processing.” (swapped character).
    • a Orthographic Error: “Th_ere is tw\no orthographic errors.”.
  • a Word-Level Text Error such as:
    • Spelling Error,
  • a Sentence-Level Error such as:
    • a Grammatical Error, such as: “There is two grammatical error.”.
    • a Syntax Error,
  • a WikiText Error.
  • …
• Counter-Example(s):
  • a Mispronunciation Error,
  • a Speech Error,
  • a Image Display Error,
  • a Signal Processing Error.
• See: Text Error Generation, Text Error Analysis, Syntax Analysis, Text Annotation, Writing System, Machine Translation Speech-To-Text, Image-To-Text, Text Encoding-Decoding.

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References

2017

• (Bryant et al., 2017) ⇒ Christopher Bryant, Mariano Felice, and Ted Briscoe. (2017). “Automatic Annotation and Evaluation of Error Types for Grammatical Error Correction.” In: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). ACL. DOI:10.18653/v1/P17-1074
  • QUOTE:

2014

• (Ng et al., 2014) ⇒ Hwee Tou Ng, Siew Mei Wu, Ted Briscoe, Christian Hadiwinoto, Raymond Hendy Susanto, and Christopher Bryant. (2014). “The CoNLL-2014 Shared Task on Grammatical Error Correction.” In: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task.
  • QUOTE: Grammatical errors consist of many different types, including articles or determiners, prepositions, noun form, verb form, subject-verb agreement, pronouns, word choice, sentence structure, punctuation, capitalization, etc.
    ....

    In the CoNLL-2013 shared task, the error types were extended to include five error types, comprising article or determiner, preposition, noun number, verb form, and subject-verb agreement. (...). In the CoNLL-2014 shared task, it was felt that the community is now ready to deal with all error types. Table 1 shows examples of the 28 error types in the CoNLL-2014 shared task.

Table 1: The 28 error types in the shared task.

Type	Description	Example
Vt	Verb tense	Medical technology during that time [is → was] not advanced enough to cure him.
Vm	Verb modal	Although the problem [would → may] not be serious, people [would → might] still be afraid.
V0	Missing verb	However, there are also a great number of people [who → who are] against this technology.
Vform	Verb form	A study in 2010 [shown → showed] that patients recover faster when surrounded by family members.
SVA	Subject-verb agreement	The benefits of disclosing genetic risk information [outweighs → outweigh] the costs.
ArtOrDet	Article or determiner	It is obvious to see that [internet → the internet] saves people time and also connects people globally.
Nn	Noun number	A carrier may consider not having any [child → children] after getting married.
Npos	Noun possessive	Someone should tell the [carriers → carrier’s] relatives about the genetic problem.
Pform	Pronoun form	A couple should run a few tests to see if [their → they] have any genetic diseases beforehand.
Pref	Pronoun reference	It is everyone’s duty to ensure that [he or she → they] undergo regular health checks.
Prep	Preposition	This essay will [discuss about → discuss] whether a carrier should tell his relatives or not.
Wci	Wrong collocation/idiom error|Wrong collocation idiom	Early examination is [healthy → advisable] and will cast away unwanted doubts.
Wa	Acronyms	After [WOWII → World War II], the population of China decreased rapidly.
Wform	Word form	The sense of [guilty → guilt] can be more than expected.
Wtone	Tone (formal/informal)	[It’s → It is] our family and relatives that bring us up.
Srun	Run-on sentences, comma splices	The issue is highly [debatable, a → debatable. A] genetic risk could come from either side of the family.
Smod	Dangling modifiers	[Undeniable, → It is undeniable that] it becomes addictive when we spend more time socializing virtually.
Spar	Parallelism	We must pay attention to this information and [assisting → assist] those who are at risk.
Sfrag	Sentence fragment	However, from the ethical point of view.
Ssub	Subordinate clause	This is an issue [needs → that needs] to be addressed.
WOinc	Incorrect word order	[Someone having what kind of disease → What kind of disease someone has] is a matter of their own privacy.
WOadv	Incorrect adjective/ adverb order	In conclusion, [personally I → I personally] feel that it is important to tell one’s family members.
Trans	Linking words|phrases	It is sometimes hard to find [out → out if] one has this disease.
Mec	Spelling, punctuation, capitalization, etc.	This knowledge [maybe relavant → may be relevant] to them.
Rloc−	Redundancy	It is up to the [patient’s own choice → patient] to disclose information.
Cit	Citation	Poor citation practice.
Others	Other errors	An error that does not fit into any other category but can still be corrected.
Um	Unclear meaning	Genetic disease has a close relationship with the born gene. (i.e., no correction possible without further clarification.)

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