Animal Preclinical Trial
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An Animal Preclinical Trial is a Preclinical Trial that involves non-human animals as test subjects to study how certain variables affect their behaviour or biological system.
- AKA: Animal Testing, Animal Experimentation, Animal Research.
- Context:
- It is based on an animal disease model.
- It is usually aimed to study the development and progression of diseases, as well as to test how safe and effective new treatments are before they are tested in people.
- Example(s):
- a preclinical testing of drug in non-human subjects to gather efficacy, toxicity and pharmacokinetic information.
- Zebrafish Preclinical Trial,
- Mouse Preclinical Trial,
- …
- Counter-Example(s):
- See: Clinical Trial, Clinical Trial Phase, Model Organism, Toxicology Testing, Medical Model, Human Test Subject, Preclinical Imaging, Remote Control Animal, Mouse Disease Model.
References
2021a
- (Wikipedia, 2021) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing Retrieved:2021-11-14.
- Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. This approach can be contrasted with field studies in which animals are observed in their natural environments or habitats. Experimental research with animals is usually conducted in universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, defense establishments and commercial facilities that provide animal-testing services to industry.[1] The focus of animal testing varies on a continuum from pure research, focusing on developing fundamental knowledge of an organism, to applied research, which may focus on answering some question of great practical importance, such as finding a cure for a disease. Examples of applied research include testing disease treatments, breeding, defense research and toxicology, including cosmetics testing. In education, animal testing is sometimes a component of biology or psychology courses. The practice is regulated to varying degrees in different countries.
It was estimated in 2010 that the annual use of vertebrate animals—from zebrafish to non-human primates—ranges from tens to more than 100 million.[2] In the European Union, vertebrate species represent 93% of animals used in research,and 11.5 million animals were used there in 2011.[3] By one estimate the number of mice and rats used in the United States alone in 2001 was 80 million.[4] In 2013 it was reported that mice, rats, fish, amphibians and reptiles together accounted for over 85% of research animals.[5]
- Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. This approach can be contrasted with field studies in which animals are observed in their natural environments or habitats. Experimental research with animals is usually conducted in universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, defense establishments and commercial facilities that provide animal-testing services to industry.[1] The focus of animal testing varies on a continuum from pure research, focusing on developing fundamental knowledge of an organism, to applied research, which may focus on answering some question of great practical importance, such as finding a cure for a disease. Examples of applied research include testing disease treatments, breeding, defense research and toxicology, including cosmetics testing. In education, animal testing is sometimes a component of biology or psychology courses. The practice is regulated to varying degrees in different countries.
- ↑ ""Introduction", Select Committee on Animals in Scientific Procedures Report". UK Parliament. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
- ↑ Meredith Cohn (26 August 2010). “Alternatives to Animal Testing Gaining Ground," The Baltimore Sun.
- ↑ "REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Seventh Report on the Statistics on the Number of Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes in the Member States of the European Union" (Document 52013DC0859). EUR-Lex. 12 May 2013.
- ↑ Carbone, Larry. (2004). What Animals Want: Expertise and Advocacy in Laboratory Animal Welfare Policy.
- ↑ "EU statistics show decline in animal research numbers". Speaking of Research. 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
2021b
- (Wikipedia, 2021) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research Retrieved:2021-11-14.
- Animal study
- A laboratory experiment using animals to study the development and progression of diseases. Animal studies also test how safe and effective new treatments are before they are tested in people.
- Animal study
2016
- (Grant, 2016) ⇒ William B. Grant (2016). "The role of geographical ecological studies in identifying diseases linked to UVB exposure and/or vitamin D". In: Dermato Endocrinology 8(1):e1137400. DOI:10.1080/19381980.2015.1137400.
- QUOTE: Four methods exist to determine whether UVB exposure and vitamin D affect disease outcomes: ecological studies, observational studies, laboratory studies, and clinical trials.
- Ecological studies can be of 2 types:
- Geographical. Health outcomes and risk-modifying factors are averaged for populations divided along geographical lines.
- Temporal. Health outcomes are examined for seasonal variations or trends.
- Observational studies come in several forms:
- Case–control. Risk-modifying factors measured at the time of disease diagnosis.
- Cohort and nested case–control. Subjects are enrolled in a study, risk-modifying factors are assessed, and then the cohort is monitored (for up to many years). Those who develop diseases are compared with like individuals who did not.
- Cross-sectional. An entire population is sampled, with health status and health parameters and risk-modifying factors measured.
- Laboratory studies are generally of 3 types:
- Animal studies. Animal models of various diseases are challenged with various agents.
- Detailed cell and tissue analysis. Cells and tissues from patients can be examined for genetic variations, etc.
- In clinical trials, people are enrolled and randomly assigned to take a substance or a placebo for a specified time. The object is to see whether taking the agent yields a better result for the outcome of interest.