Stem
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See: Word Stem, Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), Short Time-series Expression Miner (STEM), Stem Cell, Plant Stem, Stemming Algorithm.
References
2009a
- (Wiktionary, 2009) ⇒ http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stem#Noun
- 1. (botany) The above-ground stalk (technically axis) of a vascular plant, and certain anatomically similar, below-ground organs such as rhizomes, bulbs, tubers, and corms.
- 2. A slender supporting member of an individual part of a plant such as a flower or a leaf; also, by analogue the shaft of a feather.
- 3. A narrow part on certain man-made objects, such as a wine glass, a tobacco pipe, a spoon.
- 4. (linguistics) The main part of an uninflected word to which endings may be added to form inflections of the word.
- 5. (typography) A vertical stroke of a letter.
- 6. (music) A vertical stroke of a symbol representing a note in written music.
- 7. (nautical) The vertical or nearly vertical forward extension of the keel, to which the forward ends of the planks or strakes are attached. (FM 55-501).
2009a
- (SIL, 2009) ⇒ http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAStem.htm
- A stem is the root or roots of a word, together with any derivational affixes, to which inflectional affixes are added.
- A stem consists minimally of a root, but may be analyzable into a root plus derivational morphemes. A stem may require an inflectional operation (often involving a prefix or suffix) in order to ground it into discourse and make it a fully understandable word. If a stem does not occur by itself in a meaningful way in a language, it is referred to as a bound morpheme.
2009c
- (UCK, 2009) ⇒ http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/enc/morphology.htm#stem
- A word's stem is the form that it inherits from its lexeme - i.e. everything but the affixes. E.g. in boys, the stem is boy; and in book-cases it is book-case, although this in turn may be divided into two stems.
- In some irregular forms the stem itself is irregular; e.g. in went the stem is completely unrelated to the expected go (this is called 'suppletion'), and in sang the stem vowel is different from the expected i (vowel alternation).