Gender Bias

A Gender Bias is a Cognitive Bias that is a form of discrimination that favours one gender over another based on a false prior.

AKA: Sexism.
Example(s):
- Workplace Gender Bias.
- Clinical Research Gender Bias.
- …
Counter-Example(s):
See: Workplace Inequality, Prejudice, Discrimination, Gender Discrimination, Feminism, Intersectionality, Anchoring Bias, Apophenia, Availability Heuristic, Cognitive Dissonance, Confirmation Bias, Egocentric Bias, Extension Neglect, Framing Effect, Logical Fallacy, Prospect Theory.

References

2022

(Wikipedia, 2022) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism Retrieved:2022-10-27.
- Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on one's sex or gender. Sexism can affect anyone, but it primarily affects women and girls. ^[1] It has been linked to stereotypes and gender roles, and may include the belief that one sex or gender is intrinsically superior to another. Extreme sexism may foster misogyny, sexual harassment, rape, and other forms of sexual violence. ^[2] Gender discrimination may encompass sexism. This term is defined as discrimination toward people based on their gender identity or their gender or sex differences. Gender discrimination is especially defined in terms of workplace inequality.^[3] It may arise from social or cultural customs and norms.

↑
There is a clear and broad consensus among academic scholars in multiple fields that sexism refers primarily to discrimination against women, and primarily affects women. See, for example:
- Defines sexism as "prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex".
- Defines sexism as "prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls". Notes that "sexism in a society is most commonly applied against women and girls. It functions to maintain patriarchy, or male domination, through ideological and material practices of individuals, collectives, and institutions that oppress women and girls on the basis of sex or gender."
- Notes that Sexism' refers to a historically and globally pervasive form of oppression against women."
- Notes that "sexism usually refers to prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls". Also states that "sexism is an ideology or practices that maintain patriarchy or male domination."
- Defines sexism as "thought or practice which may permeate language and which assumes women's inferiority to men".
- Defines sexism as "any devaluation or denigration of women or men, but particularly women, which is embodied in institutions and social relationships."
- Notes that "either sex may be the object of sexist attitudes... however, it is commonly held that, in developed societies, women have been the usual victims".
- "Sexism is any act, attitude, or institutional configuration that systematically subordinates or devalues women. Built upon the belief that men and women are constitutionally different, sexism takes these differences as indications that men are inherently superior to women, which then is used to justify the nearly universal dominance of men in social and familial relationships, as well as politics, religion, language, law, and economics."
- Notes that "both men and women can experience sexism, but sexism against women is more pervasive".
- Suggests that "the key test of whether something is sexist... lies in its consequences: if it supports male privilege, then it is by definition sexist. I specify 'male privilege' because in every known society where gender inequality exists, males are privileged over females."
- Notes that "although we speak of gender inequality, it is usually women who are disadvantaged relative to similarly situated men".
- "As throughout history, today women are the primary victims of sexism, prejudice directed at one sex, even in the United States."
- ...
↑ Forcible Rape Institutionalized Sexism in the Criminal Justice System| Gerald D. Robin Division of Criminal Justice, University of New Haven
↑ Sharyn Ann Lenhart (2004). Clinical Aspects of Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination: Psychological Consequences and Treatment Interventions. Routledge. p. 6. ISBN 978-1135941314. Retrieved April 20, 2018. Gender or Sex Discrimination: This term refers to the types of gender bias that have a negative impact. The term has legal, as well as theoretical and psychological, definitions. Psychological consequences can be more readily inferred from the latter, but both definitions are of significance. Theoretically, gender discrimination has been described as (1) the unequal rewards that men and women receive in the workplace or academic environment because of their gender or sex difference (DiThomaso, 1989); (2) a process occurring in work or educational settings in which an individual is overtly or covertly limited access to an opportunity or a resource because of a sex or is given the opportunity or the resource reluctantly and may face harassment for picking it (Roeske & Pleck, 1983); or (3) both.

[Sexism-1] There is a clear and broad consensus among academic scholars in multiple fields that sexism refers primarily to discrimination against women, and primarily affects women. See, for example:
Defines sexism as "prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex".

Defines sexism as "prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls". Notes that "sexism in a society is most commonly applied against women and girls. It functions to maintain patriarchy, or male domination, through ideological and material practices of individuals, collectives, and institutions that oppress women and girls on the basis of sex or gender."

Notes that Sexism' refers to a historically and globally pervasive form of oppression against women."

Notes that "sexism usually refers to prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls". Also states that "sexism is an ideology or practices that maintain patriarchy or male domination."

Defines sexism as "thought or practice which may permeate language and which assumes women's inferiority to men".

Defines sexism as "any devaluation or denigration of women or men, but particularly women, which is embodied in institutions and social relationships."

Notes that "either sex may be the object of sexist attitudes... however, it is commonly held that, in developed societies, women have been the usual victims".

"Sexism is any act, attitude, or institutional configuration that systematically subordinates or devalues women. Built upon the belief that men and women are constitutionally different, sexism takes these differences as indications that men are inherently superior to women, which then is used to justify the nearly universal dominance of men in social and familial relationships, as well as politics, religion, language, law, and economics."

Notes that "both men and women can experience sexism, but sexism against women is more pervasive".

Suggests that "the key test of whether something is sexist... lies in its consequences: if it supports male privilege, then it is by definition sexist. I specify 'male privilege' because in every known society where gender inequality exists, males are privileged over females."

Notes that "although we speak of gender inequality, it is usually women who are disadvantaged relative to similarly situated men".

"As throughout history, today women are the primary victims of sexism, prejudice directed at one sex, even in the United States."

...

[2] Defines sexism as "prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex".

[3] Defines sexism as "prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls". Notes that "sexism in a society is most commonly applied against women and girls. It functions to maintain patriarchy, or male domination, through ideological and material practices of individuals, collectives, and institutions that oppress women and girls on the basis of sex or gender."

[4] Notes that Sexism' refers to a historically and globally pervasive form of oppression against women."

[5] Notes that "sexism usually refers to prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls". Also states that "sexism is an ideology or practices that maintain patriarchy or male domination."

[6] Defines sexism as "thought or practice which may permeate language and which assumes women's inferiority to men".

[7] Defines sexism as "any devaluation or denigration of women or men, but particularly women, which is embodied in institutions and social relationships."

[8] Notes that "either sex may be the object of sexist attitudes... however, it is commonly held that, in developed societies, women have been the usual victims".

[9] "Sexism is any act, attitude, or institutional configuration that systematically subordinates or devalues women. Built upon the belief that men and women are constitutionally different, sexism takes these differences as indications that men are inherently superior to women, which then is used to justify the nearly universal dominance of men in social and familial relationships, as well as politics, religion, language, law, and economics."

[10] Notes that "both men and women can experience sexism, but sexism against women is more pervasive".

[11] Suggests that "the key test of whether something is sexist... lies in its consequences: if it supports male privilege, then it is by definition sexist. I specify 'male privilege' because in every known society where gender inequality exists, males are privileged over females."

[12] Notes that "although we speak of gender inequality, it is usually women who are disadvantaged relative to similarly situated men".

[13] "As throughout history, today women are the primary victims of sexism, prejudice directed at one sex, even in the United States."

[14] ...

[2] Forcible Rape Institutionalized Sexism in the Criminal Justice System| Gerald D. Robin Division of Criminal Justice, University of New Haven

[Lenhart-3] Sharyn Ann Lenhart (2004). Clinical Aspects of Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination: Psychological Consequences and Treatment Interventions. Routledge. p. 6. ISBN 978-1135941314. Retrieved April 20, 2018. Gender or Sex Discrimination: This term refers to the types of gender bias that have a negative impact. The term has legal, as well as theoretical and psychological, definitions. Psychological consequences can be more readily inferred from the latter, but both definitions are of significance. Theoretically, gender discrimination has been described as (1) the unequal rewards that men and women receive in the workplace or academic environment because of their gender or sex difference (DiThomaso, 1989); (2) a process occurring in work or educational settings in which an individual is overtly or covertly limited access to an opportunity or a resource because of a sex or is given the opportunity or the resource reluctantly and may face harassment for picking it (Roeske & Pleck, 1983); or (3) both.

[1]

[2]

[3]

Gender Bias

References

2022

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