Proton Particle
A Proton Particle is a subatomic particle that has positive electric charge.
- AKA: Positive Nucleon, p, p+, N+.
- Context:
- It can be a Nucleon when present in the Atomic Nucleous.
- It is an Hadron, a Baryon composed by 3 valence quarks: two up quarks and one down quarks.
- It belongs to the statistical class of Fermions.
- ...
- Counter-Example(s)
- An Antiproton.
- A Neutron.
- An Electron.
- An Elementary Particle.
- See: Atomic Nucleus, Atomic Number, Interstellar Medium, Baryon, Quark, Color Charge, Gluons, up Quark, Down Quark, Fermionic, Hadron, Gravity, Electromagnetic Interaction, Weak Interaction.
References
2017
- (Wikipedia, 2017) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton Retrieved:2017-7-9.
- A proton is a subatomic particle, symbol or , with a positive electric charge of +1e elementary charge and mass slightly less than that of a neutron. Protons and neutrons, each with masses of approximately one atomic mass unit, are collectively referred to as “nucleons". One or more protons are present in the nucleus of every atom; they are a necessary part of the nucleus. The number of protons in the nucleus is the defining property of an element, and is referred to as the atomic number (represented by the symbol Z). Since each element has a unique number of protons, each element has its own unique atomic number. The word proton is Greek for "first", and this name was given to the hydrogen nucleus by Ernest Rutherford in 1920. In previous years, Rutherford had discovered that the hydrogen nucleus (known to be the lightest nucleus) could be extracted from the nuclei of nitrogen by atomic collisions. Protons were therefore a candidate to be a fundamental particle, and hence a building block of nitrogen and all other heavier atomic nuclei.
In the modern Standard Model of particle physics, protons are hadrons, and like neutrons, the other nucleon (particle present in atomic nuclei), are composed of three quarks. Although protons were originally considered fundamental or elementary particles, they are now known to be composed of three valence quarks: two up quarks and one down quark. The rest masses of quarks contribute only about 1% of a proton's mass, however.[1] The remainder of a proton's mass is due to quantum chromodynamics binding energy, which includes the kinetic energy of the quarks and the energy of the gluon fields that bind the quarks together. Because protons are not fundamental particles, they possess a physical size, though not a definite one; the root mean square charge radius of a proton is about 0.84–0.87 fm or to [math]\displaystyle{ 0.84\times 10^{−15} }[/math] to 0.87\times10^{−15} m.[2]
At sufficiently low temperatures, free protons will bind to electrons. However, the character of such bound protons does not change, and they remain protons. A fast proton moving through matter will slow by interactions with electrons and nuclei, until it is captured by the electron cloud of an atom. The result is a protonated atom, which is a chemical compound of hydrogen. In vacuum, when free electrons are present, a sufficiently slow proton may pick up a single free electron, becoming a neutral hydrogen atom, which is chemically a free radical. Such "free hydrogen atoms" tend to react chemically with many other types of atoms at sufficiently low energies. When free hydrogen atoms react with each other, they form neutral hydrogen molecules (H2), which are the most common molecular component of molecular clouds in interstellar space.
- A proton is a subatomic particle, symbol or , with a positive electric charge of +1e elementary charge and mass slightly less than that of a neutron. Protons and neutrons, each with masses of approximately one atomic mass unit, are collectively referred to as “nucleons". One or more protons are present in the nucleus of every atom; they are a necessary part of the nucleus. The number of protons in the nucleus is the defining property of an element, and is referred to as the atomic number (represented by the symbol Z). Since each element has a unique number of protons, each element has its own unique atomic number. The word proton is Greek for "first", and this name was given to the hydrogen nucleus by Ernest Rutherford in 1920. In previous years, Rutherford had discovered that the hydrogen nucleus (known to be the lightest nucleus) could be extracted from the nuclei of nitrogen by atomic collisions. Protons were therefore a candidate to be a fundamental particle, and hence a building block of nitrogen and all other heavier atomic nuclei.
- ↑ "CODATA Value: proton mass”. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. US National Institute of Standards and Technology. June 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-25. 2014 CODATA recommended values
- ↑ Mohr, P.J.; Taylor, B.N. and Newell, D.B. (2015), "The 2014 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants", National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, US.