Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) Extinction Event (~252 Ma)
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A Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) Extinction Event (~252 Ma) is an extinction event that occurred ~252 million years ago between the Permian period and Triassic periods.
- Context:
- It can be associated with flood basalt volcanic eruptions that created the Siberian Traps.
- It can (typically) form aboundary between the Paleozoic Era and Mesozoic Era.
- It can have resulted in Species Extinctions, such as of Non-Avian Dinosaurs.
- It can be associated with an Adaptive Radiation Process (for example by mammals).
- …
- Counter-Example(s):
- See: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Extinction Event, Marine Biology, Species, Terrestrial Ecoregion, Vertebrate, Insects, Lystosaurus.
References
2023
- (Wikipedia, 2023) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian–Triassic_extinction_event Retrieved:2023-6-9.
- The Permian–Triassic (P–T, P–Tr) extinction event (PTME), also known as the Late Permian extinction event,[1] the Latest Permian extinction event, the End-Permian extinction event (EPME), and colloquially as the Great Dying,[2] forms the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods, and with them the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras respectively, approximately 251.9 million years ago.[3] As the largest of the "Big Five" mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic, it is the Earth's most severe known extinction event,[4] with the extinction of 57% of biological families, 83% of genera, 81% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species. It is the largest known mass extinction of insects.[5] There is evidence for one to three distinct pulses, or phases, of extinction.[6] The scientific consensus is that the main cause of extinction was the flood basalt volcanic eruptions that created the Siberian Traps,[7] which released huge amounts of carbon dioxide,[8] elevating global temperatures[9][10][11] and acidifying the oceans.[12][13][1] The level of atmospheric carbon dioxide rose from around 400 ppm to 2,500 ppm with approximately 3,900 to 12,000 gigatonnes of carbon being added to the ocean-atmosphere system during this period.[9] Important proposed contributing factors include the emission of much additional carbon dioxide from the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon deposits, including oil and coal, triggered by the eruptions,[14][15] emissions of methane from the gasification of methane clathrates,[16] emissions of methane possibly by novel methanogenic microorganism nourished by minerals dispersed in the eruptions,[17][18][19] an extraterrestrial impact creating the Araguainha crater and consequent seismic release of methane,[20][21][22] and the destruction of the ozone layer and increase in harmful solar radiation.[23][24][25]
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2020
- (Earth, 2020) ⇒ The Entire History of the Earth. (2020). “How Bad Was The Great Oxidation Event?.”
2014
- (Brusatte et al., 2014) ⇒ Stephen L. Brusatte, Richard J. Butler, Paul M. Barrett, Matthew T. Carrano, David C. Evans, Graeme T. Lloyd, Philip D. Mannion, Mark A. Norell, Daniel J. Peppe, Paul Upchurch, and Thomas E. Williamson. (2014). “The extinction of the dinosaurs.” In: Biological Reviews. doi:10.1111/brv.12128
- ABSTRACT: Non-avian dinosaurs went extinct 66 million years ago, geologically coincident with the impact of a large bolide (comet or asteroid) during an interval of massive volcanic eruptions and changes in temperature and sea level. There has long been fervent debate about how these events affected dinosaurs. We review a wealth of new data accumulated over the past two decades, provide updated and novel analyses of long-term dinosaur diversity trends during the latest Cretaceous, and discuss an emerging consensus on the extinction's tempo and causes. Little support exists for a global, long-term decline across non-avian dinosaur diversity prior to their extinction at the end of the Cretaceous. However, restructuring of latest Cretaceous dinosaur faunas in North America led to reduced diversity of large-bodied herbivores, perhaps making communities more susceptible to cascading extinctions. The abruptness of the dinosaur extinction suggests a key role for the bolide impact, although the coarseness of the fossil record makes testing the effects of Deccan volcanism difficult.
2000
- (Jin, Wang, et al., 2000) ⇒ Y. G. Jin, Yue Wang, Wei Wang, Q. H. Shang, C. Q. Cao, and D. H. Erwin. (2000). “Pattern of marine mass extinction near the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China.” In: Science 289, no. 5478.