Intellectual Disability

An Intellectual Disability is a Neurodevelopmental Disorder that compromises cognitive skills of an individual and their ability to learn.

• AKA: Intellectual Development Disorder, Mental Retardation, Cognitive Disability, Mental Disability.
• Example(s):
  • …
• Counter-Example(s):
  • Mental Disorder,
  • Physical Disability.
• See: Adaptive Functioning, Intelligence Quotient, Down Syndrome, Autism, ICD-10, DSM-5, Journal of Intellectual Disability Research.

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References

2022

• (Wikipedia, 2022) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_disability Retrieved:2022-3-27.
  • Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability and formerly mental retardation (MR),Rosa's Law, Pub. L. 111-256, 124 Stat. 2643 (2010). is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. It is defined by an IQ under 70, in addition to deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors that affect everyday, general living. Intellectual functions are defined under DSM-V as reasoning, problem‑solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from instruction and experience, and practical understanding confirmed by both clinical assessment and standardized tests. Adaptive behavior is defined in terms of conceptual, social, and practical skills involving tasks performed by people in their everyday lives. Intellectual disability is subdivided into syndromic intellectual disability, in which intellectual deficits associated with other medical and behavioral signs and symptoms are present, and non-syndromic intellectual disability, in which intellectual deficits appear without other abnormalities. Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome are examples of syndromic intellectual disabilities. Intellectual disability affects about 2 to 3% of the general population. Seventy-five to ninety percent of the affected people have mild intellectual disability. Non-syndromic, or idiopathic cases account for 30 to 50% of these cases. About a quarter of cases are caused by a genetic disorder, and about 5% of cases are inherited from a person's parents. Cases of unknown cause affect about 95 million people .

2015

• (Tavares et al., 2015) ⇒ Gema Tavares, Inmaculada Fajardo, Vicenta Ávila, Ladislao Salmerón, and Antonio Ferrer. (2015). “Who Do You Refer To? How young students with mild intellectual disability confront anaphoric ambiguities in texts and sentences.” In: Research in Developmental Disabilities, 38.
  • ABSTRACT: Along 2 experiments we tested the anaphoric pronoun resolution abilities of readers with intellectual disability in comparison with chronological and reading age-matched groups. In Experiment 1, the anaphor test of Elosúa, Carriedo, and García-Madruga (2009) confirmed that readers with intellectual disability (ID) are slower than control readers resolving clitic anaphoric pronouns, especially when the use of morphological cues (e.g. gender) is necessary. In order to test if the poor performance could be due to low levels of metacognitive skills during reading, an inconsistency detection task combined with eye tracking was designed in Experiment 2. Participants read short texts with an anaphoric pronoun in the fifth sentence, either morphologically (gender) consistent or not with the information provided in the second sentence. The scores in the anaphor comprehension questions presented after the text confirmed that readers with ID are affected by the gender inconsistency but they are unable to explicitly report it and recover from it, as the number of re-fixations after reading the critical sentence suggests. As their answers to the explicit detection questions showed, the adults control group did not show any preference for morphosyntax or semantics in spite of being aware of the inconsistency. In sum, both groups of readers with and without ID are affected by inconsistencies, but ID readers do not have appropriate metacognitive skills to explicitly identify the source of the inconsistency and fix it.

2010

• (Schalock et al., 2010) ⇒ Robert L. Schalock, Sharon A. Borthwick-Duffy, Valerie J. Bradley, Wil HE Buntinx, David L. Coulter, Ellis M. Craig, Sharon C. Gomez, et al. (2010). “Intellectual Disability: Definition, classification, and systems of supports." American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.

1997

• (Aylward et al., 1997) ⇒ E. H. Aylward, D. B. Burt, L. U. Thorpe, F. Lai, and A. Dalton. (1997). “Diagnosis of Dementia in Individuals with Intellectual Disability.” In: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 41(2).

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