Vertebrate Kidney
A Vertebrate Kidney is a vertebrate organ that serve several regulatory roles.
- Context:
blood filtration, electrolyte homeostasis, fluid regulation, toxin removal and secretion, and the transport and drainage of excess filtrate.
- It can (typically) maintain a Homeostatis (balance of water).
- It can (typically) remove excess Blood Serum Molecules (from a blood serum), such as: Creatinine, Sodium, Potassium, and Phosphorus.
- It can (typically) remove Waste By-Products in Blood, such as: Urea, Uric Acid, and Creatinine.
- It can (typically) produce Hormones, such as: calcitriol, erythropoietin, renin.
- It can range from being a Healthy Kidney to being an Unhealthy Kidney (such as a diseased kidney).
- It can range from being an Active Kidney to being an Inactive Kidney (e.g. in a cadaver).
- It can have Glomeruli (and associated Bowman's capsules).
- It can range from being a Healthy Kidney to being an Unhealthy Kidney (such as from kidney disease), based on renal function measures.
- Example(s):
- a Human Kidney.
- a Pig Kidney.
- …
- Counter-Example(s):
- See: Kidney Stone, Human Vertebral Column, Urinary System, Endocrine System, Renal Artery, Renal Vein, Renal Plexus, Homeostasis, Electrolyte, Acid–Base Homeostasis, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Albuminuria, Nephron, Kidney Transplant.
References
2015
- (Wikipedia, 2015) ⇒ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kidney Retrieved:2015-5-31.
- The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that serve several essential regulatory roles in vertebrates. They remove excess organic molecules from the blood, and it is by this action that their best-known function is performed: the removal of waste products of metabolism. Kidneys are essential to the urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and regulation of blood pressure (via maintaining the salt and water balance). They serve the body as a natural filter of the blood, and remove water-soluble wastes which are diverted to the bladder. In producing urine, the kidneys excrete wastes such as urea and ammonium. They are also responsible for the reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids. The kidneys also produce hormones including calcitriol, erythropoietin, and the enzyme renin, the last of which indirectly acts on the kidney in negative feedback.
Located at the rear of the abdominal cavity in the retroperitoneal space, the kidneys receive blood from the paired renal arteries, and drain into the paired renal veins. Each kidney excretes urine into a ureter which empties into the bladder.
Renal physiology is the study of kidney function, while nephrology is the medical specialty concerned with kidney diseases. Diseases of the kidney are diverse, but individuals with kidney disease frequently display characteristic clinical features. Common clinical conditions involving the kidney include the nephritic and nephrotic syndromes, renal cysts, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, urinary tract infection, nephrolithiasis, and urinary tract obstruction. Various cancers of the kidney exist. The most common adult renal cancer is renal cell carcinoma. Cancers, cysts, and some other renal conditions can be managed with removal of the kidney. This is known as nephrectomy. When renal function, measured by the glomerular filtration rate, is persistently poor, dialysis and kidney transplantation may be treatment options. Although they are not normally harmful, kidney stone can be painful.
- The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that serve several essential regulatory roles in vertebrates. They remove excess organic molecules from the blood, and it is by this action that their best-known function is performed: the removal of waste products of metabolism. Kidneys are essential to the urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and regulation of blood pressure (via maintaining the salt and water balance). They serve the body as a natural filter of the blood, and remove water-soluble wastes which are diverted to the bladder. In producing urine, the kidneys excrete wastes such as urea and ammonium. They are also responsible for the reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids. The kidneys also produce hormones including calcitriol, erythropoietin, and the enzyme renin, the last of which indirectly acts on the kidney in negative feedback.
2013
- http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/V/VertebrateKidneys.html
- QUOTE: All vertebrates have kidneys. Like the human kidney, they are made up of many nephrons.
2010
- Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium. (2010). “Association of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate and Albuminuria with All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in General Population Cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis.” In: The Lancet 375, no. 9731.