Karl Marx (1818-1883)

Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a person.

• Context:
  • He can believe that an Economic System should be judged by the extent to which it facilitates Individual Self-Realization.
  • He can believe that increased Capital Accumulation diminished Value of Labor (to employers) and thus diminished Worker Bargaining Power.
  • He can believe in a Labor-Theory of Value.
  • He can have collaborators, such as: Friedrich Engels.
  • He can be known for Marx Dictums (dictum), such as:
    • "Religion is the opium of the people," critiquing the role of religion in pacifying the masses and maintaining the status quo.
    • "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles," from The Communist Manifesto, emphasizing the centrality of class conflict in historical development.
    • "Workers of the world, unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains," a call to action for the working class to rise against capitalist oppression.
    • "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs," expressing the ideal of a communist society where resources are distributed based on need rather than contribution.
    • "Philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point, however, is to change it," highlighting the importance of revolutionary action in philosophy.
    • ...
  • He can be associated with key works, such as:
    • "Das Kapital," where he critiques the capitalist system and explores the dynamics of capital accumulation and exploitation.
    • "The Communist Manifesto," co-authored with Friedrich Engels, which outlines the principles of communism and calls for the overthrow of capitalist societies.
    • "Critique of the Gotha Program," where he elaborates on his vision of a socialist society and critiques the policies of the German Social Democratic Party.
  • He can have a profound impact on global political movements, inspiring revolutions and shaping the development of Marxism as a dominant ideological force in the 20th century.
  • ...
• Example(s):
  • Karl Marx, 1818: Marx was born in Trier, Prussia (now Germany) on May 5, 1818. His early years were marked by a strong academic background, and he showed an early interest in philosophy and law.
  • Karl Marx, 1830: During the 1830s, Marx attended the University of Bonn and later the University of Berlin, where he was influenced by the philosophy of G.W.F. Hegel and became involved in radical politics.
  • Karl Marx, 1840: In 1843, Marx moved to Paris, where he began collaborating with Friedrich Engels and developing the theories that would become the foundation of Marxism. This period also saw the publication of his early works, including "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right."
  • Karl Marx, 1850: By the 1850s, Marx had settled in London, where he continued to develop his economic theories, resulting in key works like "Grundrisse" and "A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy."
  • Karl Marx, 1860: In 1867, Marx published the first volume of "Das Kapital," his seminal work on political economy, which examined the capitalist mode of production and its effects on labor, productivity, and economic development.
  • Karl Marx, 1870: The 1870s saw Marx deeply involved in the International Workingmen's Association (First International), where he played a significant role in shaping the direction of the international labor movement.
  • Karl Marx, 1883: Marx passed away on March 14, 1883, in London. His death marked the end of a life dedicated to analyzing and critiquing capitalism, but his ideas continued to influence global movements and intellectual thought.
  • ...
• Counter-Example(s):
  • Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924), who expanded upon Marxist theory and led the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, establishing the first socialist state.
  • Rosa Luxemburg (1871-1919), a Marxist theorist and revolutionary socialist who played a key role in the German socialist movement and was an outspoken critic of both capitalism and authoritarian socialism.
  • Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937), an Italian Marxist philosopher and politician best known for his theory of cultural hegemony, which explains how the state and ruling capitalist class use cultural institutions to maintain power in capitalist societies.
  • David Ricardo (1772-1823).
  • John Stuart Mill (1806-1873).
  • Arnold Toynbee (1852-1883).
• See: Economist, Communist, Communist Social Movement, First Industrial Revolution (~1760 to ~1840).

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References

• http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/j--bradford-delong-wonders-whether-capital-now-substitutes-for--rather-than-complements--labor#9wFeoRjB75FAjBrA.99

2013

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx
  • Karl Heinrich Marx (Berlin Template:IPA-de, 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a Prussian-German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His ideas played a significant role in the establishment of the social sciences and the development of the socialist movement. He is also considered one of the greatest economists in history. He published numerous books during his lifetime, the most notable being The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Capital (1867–1894). He worked closely with his friend and fellow revolutionary socialist, Friedrich Engels.

    Born into a wealthy middle-class family in Trier in the Prussian Rhineland, Marx studied at the University of Bonn and the University of Berlin, where he became interested in the philosophical ideas of the Young Hegelians. In 1836 he became engaged to Jenny von Westphalen, whom he married in 1843. After his studies, he wrote for a radical newspaper in Cologne, and began to work out his theory of dialectical materialism. After moving to Paris in 1843, he began writing for other radical newspapers. He met Engels in Paris, and the two men worked together on a series of books. Exiled to Brussels, he became a leading figure of the Communist League, before moving back to Cologne and founding his own newspaper. In 1849 he was exiled again and moved to London together with his wife and children. In London, where the family was reduced to poverty, Marx continued writing and formulating his theories about the nature of society and how he believed it could be improved, and also campaigned for socialism — he became a significant figure in the International Workingmen's Association.

    Marx's theories about society, economics and politics — collectively known as Marxism — hold that all societies progress through the dialectic of class struggle: a conflict between an ownership class which controls production and a lower class which produces the labour for goods. Heavily critical of the current socio-economic form of society, capitalism, he called it the "dictatorship of the bourgeoisie", believing it to be run by the wealthy classes purely for their own benefit; and he predicted that, like previous socioeconomic systems, capitalism would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system: socialism. He argued that under socialism society would be governed by the working class in what he called the “dictatorship of the proletariat", the "workers' state" or "workers' democracy". He believed that socialism would, in its turn, eventually be replaced by a stateless, classless society called communism. Along with believing in the inevitability of socialism and communism, Marx actively fought for the former's implementation, arguing that social theorists and underprivileged people alike should carry out organised revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic change.

    Revolutionary socialist governments espousing Marxist concepts took power in a variety of countries in the 20th century, leading to the formation of such socialist states as the Soviet Union in 1922 and the People's Republic of China in 1949. Many labour unions and workers' parties worldwide were also influenced by Marxist ideas, while various theoretical variants, such as Leninism, Stalinism, Trotskyism, and Maoism, were developed from them. Marx is typically cited, with Émile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three principal architects of modern social science. Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history.

1939

• (Berlin, 1939) => Isaiah Berlin. (1939). “Karl Marx: His Life and Environment".

187?

• Karl Marx.
  • QUOTE: The theory of Communism may be summed up in one sentence: Abolish all private property.
  • QUOTE: Without doubt, machinery has greatly increased the number of well-to-do idlers.
  • QUOTE: Capital is dead labor, which, vampire-like, lives only by sucking living labor, and lives the more, the more labor it sucks.

1867

• (Marx, 1867) => Karl Marx. (1867). “Das Kapital."

1863

• (Marx, 1863) ⇒ Karl Marx. (1863). “Theories of Surplus-Value" Volume IV of Das Capital.".

1848

• (Marx & Engels, 1848) ⇒ Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels. (1848). “The Communist Manifesto."

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