Regulation of Gene Expression
A Regulation of Gene Expression is a regulation process for gene expression events.
- See: Gene Regulatory Network, Catabolism, Therapeutic Gene Modulation, Gene Product, Gene Expression, Transcriptional Regulation, RNA Processing, Post-Translational Modification.
References
2015
- (Wikipedia, 2015) ⇒ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression Retrieved:2015-6-7.
- Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA), and is informally termed gene regulation. Sophisticated programs of gene expression are widely observed in biology, for example to trigger developmental pathways, respond to environmental stimuli, or adapt to new food sources. Virtually any step of gene expression can be modulated, from transcriptional initiation, to RNA processing, and to the post-translational modification of a protein.
Gene regulation is essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed. Although as early as 1951 Barbara McClintock showed interaction between two genetic loci, Activator (Ac) and Dissociator (Ds), in the color formation of maize seeds, the first discovery of a gene regulation system is widely considered to be the identification in 1961 of the lac operon, discovered by Jacques Monod, in which some enzymes involved in lactose metabolism are expressed by the genome of E. coli only in the presence of lactose and absence of glucose.
Furthermore, in multicellular organisms, gene regulation drives the processes of cellular differentiation and morphogenesis, leading to the creation of different cell types that possess different gene expression profiles, and hence produce different proteins/have different ultrastructures that suit them to their functions (though they all possess the genotype, which follows the same genome sequence).
The initiating event leading to a change in gene expression include activation or deactivation of receptors. Also, there is evidence that changes in a cell's choice of catabolism leads to altered gene expressions.
- Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA), and is informally termed gene regulation. Sophisticated programs of gene expression are widely observed in biology, for example to trigger developmental pathways, respond to environmental stimuli, or adapt to new food sources. Virtually any step of gene expression can be modulated, from transcriptional initiation, to RNA processing, and to the post-translational modification of a protein.
2015
- (Lobo & Levin, 2015) ⇒ Daniel Lobo, and Michael Levin. (2015). “Inferring Regulatory Networks from Experimental Morphological Phenotypes: A Computational Method Reverse-Engineers Planarian Regeneration.” In: PLOS Computational Biology Journal, June 4, 2015. 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004295 doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004295
- QUOTE: Transformative applications in biomedicine require the discovery of complex regulatory networks that explain the development and regeneration of anatomical structures, and reveal what external signals will trigger desired changes of large-scale pattern.