Fraudulent Act

Context:
- It can range from being a Fraudulent Act by an Organization (such as legal fraud) to being a Fraudulent Act by an Individual.
- It can range from being a Fraudulent Act against an Organization (such as legal fraud) to being a Fraudulent Act against and Individual.
- It can be detected by a Fraud Detection System (solving a fraud detection task).
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Example(s):
- Embezzlement Act, where funds are misappropriated by someone trusted with its control.
- Control Fraud, where a person in control of a company uses it as a weapon to commit fraud.
- Tax Fraud Act, involving the evasion of tax liabilities.
- Insurance Fraud Act, where false claims are made to obtain insurance benefits.
- Intellectual Fraud Act, typically involving plagiarism or theft of intellectual property.
- Ponzi Scheme, a fraudulent investing scam promising high rates of return with little risk.
- Wire Fraud, involving telecommunications or the internet.
- Fraudulent Investment, where investments are manipulated to deceive investors.
- Test-related frauds, like School-Test Cheating [1] or Driving-Test Cheating [2].
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Counter-Example(s):
- Hoax, a deception without intention of gain or causing harm.
- Honest Act, which is genuine and without deception.
- Unconscious Deception, where there's no deliberate intention to deceive.
See: Cheating, Bankruptcy.

References

(Wikipedia, 2015) ⇒ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fraud Retrieved:2015-5-5.
- In law, fraud is deliberate deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain. Fraud is both a civil wrong (i.e., a fraud victim may sue the fraud perpetrator to avoid the fraud and/or recover monetary compensation) and a criminal wrong (i.e., a fraud perpetrator may be prosecuted and imprisoned by governmental authorities). The purpose of fraud may be monetary gain or other benefits, such as obtaining a drivers license by way of false statements.
  A hoax is a distinct concept that involves deception without the intention of gain or of materially damaging or depriving the victim.

(Trivers, 2015) ⇒ Robert Trivers. (2015). “Vignettes of Famous Evolutionary Biologists, Large and Small.” In: The UNZ Review, April 27, 2015
- QUOTE: Many of us theoretical biologists who knew Stephen personally thought he was something of an intellectual fraud precisely because he had a talent for coining terms that promised more than they could deliver, while claiming exactly the opposite. … We barely know what is in our own self-interest. A general point is that it is often very hard to draw the line between conscious and unconscious deception — or to define the precise mixture of the two.

(Wikipedia, 2014) ⇒ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud Retrieved:2014-5-12.
- Fraud is a deception deliberately practiced in order to secure unfair or unlawful gain (adjectival form fraudulent ; to defraud is the verb). ^[1] As a legal construct, fraud is both a civil wrong (i.e., a fraud victim may sue the fraud perpetrator to avoid the fraud and/or recover monetary compensation) and a criminal wrong (i.e., a fraud perpetrator may be prosecuted and imprisoned by governmental authorities). Defrauding people or organizations of money or valuables is the usual purpose of fraud, but it sometimes instead involves obtaining benefits without actually depriving anyone of money or valuables, such as obtaining a drivers license by way of false statements made in an application for the same.
  A hoax is a distinct concept that involves deception without the intention of gain or of materially damaging or depriving the victim.