Downsizing Task
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See: Termination of Employment, Layoff, Shift Work.
References
2015
- (Wikipedia, 2015) ⇒ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layoff Retrieved:2015-7-6.
- Layoff (in British and American English), is the temporary suspension or permanent termination of employment of an employee or (more commonly) a group of employees (collective layoff) for business reasons, such as when certain positions are no longer necessary or when a business slow-down occurs. In the UK, permanent termination due to elimination of a position is usually called redundancy. Laidoff workers or displaced workers refers to workers who have lost or left their jobs because their employer has closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. Originally the term layoff referred exclusively to a temporary interruption in work, as when factory work cyclically falls off. In late 20th and early 21st century North America, layoff usually means the permanent elimination of a position, requiring the addition of "temporary" to specify the original meaning. Many synonyms such as downsizing exist, most of which are euphemisms or doublespeak and more abstract descriptions of the process, most of which can also be used for more inclusive processes than that of reducing the number of employees. Downsizing is defined as the "conscious use of permanent personnel reductions in an attempt to improve efficiency and/or effectiveness". [1] Since the 1980s, downsizing has become increasingly common. Indeed, recent research on downsizing in the U.S., [2] UK, [3] and Japan [4] [5] suggests that downsizing is being regarded by management as one of the preferred routes to turning around declining organisations, cutting costs, and improving organisational performance, [6] most often as a cost-cutting measure.
- ↑ Budros 1999, p. 70
- ↑ Baumol, W. J., Blinder, A. S. & Wolff, E. N. (2003). Downsizing in America: Reality, Causes and Consequences. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. See also the American Management Association annual surveys since 1990.
- ↑ Sahdev et al. 1999; Chorely 2002; Mason 2002; Rogers 2002
- ↑ Mroczkowski, T. and Hanaoka, M. (1997), ‘Effective downsizing strategies in Japan and America: is there a convergence of employment practices?’, Academy of Management Review, Vol.22, No.1, pp. 226–56.
- ↑ Ahmakjian and Robinson 2001
- ↑ Mellahi, K. and Wilkinson, A. (2004) Downsizing and Innovation Output: A Review of Literature and Research Propositions, BAM Paper 2004, British Academy of Management.
1990
- (Hammer, 1990) ⇒ Michael Hammer. (1990). “Reengineering Work: Don't Automate, Obliterate.” In: Harvard business review, 68(4).
- Despite a decade or more of restructuring and downsizing, many U.S. companies are still unprepared to operate in the 1990s. In a time of rapidly changing technologies and ever-shorter product life cycles, product development often proceeds at a glacial pace. …
… Reengineering cannot be planned meticulously and accomplished in small and cautious steps.
- Despite a decade or more of restructuring and downsizing, many U.S. companies are still unprepared to operate in the 1990s. In a time of rapidly changing technologies and ever-shorter product life cycles, product development often proceeds at a glacial pace. …