Lexeme Derivation Rule

A Lexeme Derivation Rule is a Morphological Rule or a Lexical Rule that can create/produce a Derived Lexeme from a Lexeme (or Morphological Root?) and Derivational Morphemes.

• AKA: Derivational Rule, Word Derivation Rule, Derivation Rule, Morphological Derivational Rule, Derivational Transformation, Derivational Process, Derivation, Derived Word Generation Task, Derived Word Generation Process, D-Rule.
• Context:
  • It can:
    • change the Meaning of the Lexeme, "EXPERT" ⇒ "NON- + EXPERT".
    • change the Syntactic Role of the Lexeme, e.g. TEACH/Verb + -ER ⇒ TEACHER/Noun.
  • It can be:
    • a Noun Formation Process, e.g. transform a Verb as with RUN-ER
    • a Verb Formation Process, e.g. transform a Noun as with WOLF-ED
    • an Adverb Formation Process, e.g. transform an Adjective as with SLOW-LY
    • an Adjective Formation Process, e.g. transform a Verb as with REGION-AL or a Noun as with BEAUTI-FUL.
• Example(s):
  • X + "-ER", such as TEACH-ER.
  • X + "-FUL", such as BEAUTY-FUL.
  • X + "-AL", such as REGION-AL.
  • X + "-NESS", such as GENTLE-NESS.
  • X + "-MENT", such as FULFILL-MENT.
  • X + "-ANT", such as COMBAT-ANT.
  • GREAT- + X, such as GREAT-GRANDMOTHER.
  • EX- + X, such as EX-CONVICT.
  • NON- + X, such as NON-[COMBAT-ANT].
  • …
• Counter-Example(s):
  • Inflectional Rule,
  • Post-Inflectional Rule.
• See: Word Formation Process, Morphological Processing, Morphological Compounding Rule, Compound Word Generation Process, Word Sense Disambiguation.

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References

2009

• (SIL, 2009) ⇒ http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsDerivation.htm
  • QUOTE:
    • Derivation is the formation of a new word or inflectable stem from another word or stem. It typically occurs by the addition of an affix.
    • The derived word is often of a different word class from the original. It may thus take the inflectional affixes of the new word class.
    • In contrast to inflection, derivation.
      • is not obligatory
      • typically produces a greater change of meaning from the original form, and
      • is more likely to result in a form which has a somewhat idiosyncratic meaning.
      • often changes the grammatical category of a root

2003

• (Sag et al., 2003) ⇒ Ivan A. Sag, Thomas Wasow, and Emily M. Bender. (2003). “Syntactic Theory: A Formal Introduction, 2nd edition." CSLI Publications.
  • QUOTE: It is also traditional to distinguish these from another kind of lexical rule (called a DERIVATIONAL rule) that relates lexemes to lexemes (or, in our system, lexical sequences of the appropriate kind to other such lexical sequences). Derivational rules (d-rules) are appropriate when the addition of a prefix or suffix creates a new lexical sequence that can itself undergo inflectional rules.

1999

• (Manning and Schütze, 1999) ⇒ Christopher D. Manning and Hinrich Schütze. (1999). "Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing" (PDF). The MIT Press. ISBN: 9780262133609, 0262133601 Chapter 3, pp 83
  • QUOTE: The major types of morphological processes are inflection, derivation, and compounding.
    • (...)
    • Derivation is less systematic. It usually results in a more radical change of syntactic category, and it often involves a change in meaning. An example is the derivation of the adverb widely from the adjective wide (by appending the suffix -ly). Widely in a phrase like it is widely believed means among a large well-dispersed group of people, a shift from the core meaning of wide (extending over a vast area). Adverb formation is also less systematic than plural inflection. Some adjectives like old or difficult don't have adverbs: oldly and difficultly are not words of English. Here are some other examples of derivations: the suffix -en transforms adjectives into verbs (weak-en, soft-en), the suffix -able transforms verbs into adjectives (understand-able, accept-able), and the suffix -er transforms verbs into nouns (teach-er, lead-er).

1972

• R.R.K. Hartmann, and F.C. Stork. (1972). “Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Applied Science.

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