Lexeme Derivation Rule
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A Lexeme Derivation Rule is a Morphological Rule or a Lexical Rule that can create/produce a Derived Lexeme from a Lexeme (or Morphological Root?) and Derivational Morphemes.
- AKA: Derivational Rule, Word Derivation Rule, Derivation Rule, Morphological Derivational Rule, Derivational Transformation, Derivational Process, Derivation, Derived Word Generation Task, Derived Word Generation Process, D-Rule.
- Context:
- It can:
- It can be:
- a Noun Formation Process, e.g. transform a Verb as with RUN-ER
- a Verb Formation Process, e.g. transform a Noun as with WOLF-ED
- an Adverb Formation Process, e.g. transform an Adjective as with SLOW-LY
- an Adjective Formation Process, e.g. transform a Verb as with REGION-AL or a Noun as with BEAUTI-FUL.
- Example(s):
- X + "-ER", such as TEACH-ER.
- X + "-FUL", such as BEAUTY-FUL.
- X + "-AL", such as REGION-AL.
- X + "-NESS", such as GENTLE-NESS.
- X + "-MENT", such as FULFILL-MENT.
- X + "-ANT", such as COMBAT-ANT.
- GREAT- + X, such as GREAT-GRANDMOTHER.
- EX- + X, such as EX-CONVICT.
- NON- + X, such as NON-[COMBAT-ANT].
- …
- Counter-Example(s):
- See: Word Formation Process, Morphological Processing, Morphological Compounding Rule, Compound Word Generation Process, Word Sense Disambiguation.
References
2009
- (SIL, 2009) ⇒ http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsDerivation.htm
- QUOTE:
- Derivation is the formation of a new word or inflectable stem from another word or stem. It typically occurs by the addition of an affix.
- The derived word is often of a different word class from the original. It may thus take the inflectional affixes of the new word class.
- In contrast to inflection, derivation.
- is not obligatory
- typically produces a greater change of meaning from the original form, and
- is more likely to result in a form which has a somewhat idiosyncratic meaning.
- often changes the grammatical category of a root
- QUOTE:
2003
- (Sag et al., 2003) ⇒ Ivan A. Sag, Thomas Wasow, and Emily M. Bender. (2003). “Syntactic Theory: A Formal Introduction, 2nd edition." CSLI Publications.
- QUOTE: It is also traditional to distinguish these from another kind of lexical rule (called a DERIVATIONAL rule) that relates lexemes to lexemes (or, in our system, lexical sequences of the appropriate kind to other such lexical sequences). Derivational rules (d-rules) are appropriate when the addition of a prefix or suffix creates a new lexical sequence that can itself undergo inflectional rules.
1999
- (Manning and Schütze, 1999) ⇒ Christopher D. Manning and Hinrich Schütze. (1999). "Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing" (PDF). The MIT Press. ISBN: 9780262133609, 0262133601 Chapter 3, pp 83
- QUOTE: The major types of morphological processes are inflection, derivation, and compounding.
- (...)
- Derivation is less systematic. It usually results in a more radical change of syntactic category, and it often involves a change in meaning. An example is the derivation of the adverb widely from the adjective wide (by appending the suffix -ly). Widely in a phrase like it is widely believed means among a large well-dispersed group of people, a shift from the core meaning of wide (extending over a vast area). Adverb formation is also less systematic than plural inflection. Some adjectives like old or difficult don't have adverbs: oldly and difficultly are not words of English. Here are some other examples of derivations: the suffix -en transforms adjectives into verbs (weak-en, soft-en), the suffix -able transforms verbs into adjectives (understand-able, accept-able), and the suffix -er transforms verbs into nouns (teach-er, lead-er).
- QUOTE: The major types of morphological processes are inflection, derivation, and compounding.
1972
- R.R.K. Hartmann, and F.C. Stork. (1972). “Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Applied Science.